Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film

Ruler of the Flies Essay Did Brooks’ film precisely pass on the first significance of Golding's tale? William Golding, a strikingly gifted essayist, made this charming ageless great, Lord of the Flies. The novel’s one of a kind and strange style produced a deluge of intrigue. Indeed, even today, over 30 years after the fact, debilitating analysis’ of his novel are being endeavored. I saw this novel as remarkable. It is flooding with unpretentious yet significant importance and realities about people. It is nitty gritty, and contains unpredictably and unequivocally created characters and connections. The imagery in the story is intriguing and broad. This is the reason this novel is such a test to consolidate into an hour and a half film. One of the most significant subjects in the novel is abhorrent, and the appearance of dread and beasts because of the youthful boy’s unavoidable abhorrence inside. The young men on the island are cut off from human advancement and they’re frightened, along these lines they create a beast, a â€Å"beastie,† to legitimize their feelings of trepidation. In the novel a clever proposal is made by Simon, â€Å" ‘What I mean is... Possibly it’s just us.’... Simon got awkward in his endeavors to communicate mankind’s fundamental illness.† (p.89) The topic of inward fiendishness turns out to be progressively apparent as it is additionally evolved in the novel. Simon has a â€Å"conversation† with The Lord of the Flies (the pig’s head) that is vital to the story; reality with regards to the young men rises. â€Å"There isn’t anybody to support you. Just me. Also, I’m the Beast... Extravagant reasoning the Beast was something you could chase and kill!... You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the motivation behind why it’s no go? Why things are the way they are?’† (p.142) However in the film, the topic of an indication of malice isn’t clear, and the Lord of the Flies scene was forgotten about. For me the most intriguing and provocative character in the novel is Simon. In... Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film Master of the Flies Essay Did Brooks’ film precisely pass on the first significance of Golding's epic? William Golding, an amazingly gifted essayist, made this captivating immortal exemplary, Lord of the Flies. The novel’s one of a kind and strange style created a downpour of intrigue. Indeed, even today, over 30 years after the fact, debilitating analysis’ of his novel are being endeavored. I saw this novel as unprecedented. It is flooding with unpretentious yet significant importance and certainties about people. It is point by point, and contains unpredictably and firmly created characters and connections. The imagery in the story is intriguing and broad. This is the reason this novel is such a test to gather into an hour and a half film. One of the most significant subjects in the novel is insidious, and the indication of dread and beasts because of the youthful boy’s unavoidable insidiousness inside. The young men on the island are cut off from human advancement and they’re frightened, in this manner they manufacture a beast, a â€Å"beastie,† to legitimize their feelings of trepidation. In the novel a keen proposal is made by Simon, â€Å" ‘What I mean is... Perhaps it’s just us.’... Simon got awkward in his endeavors to communicate mankind’s basic illness.† (p.89) The topic of internal insidiousness turns out to be progressively clear as it is additionally evolved in the novel. Simon has a â€Å"conversation† with The Lord of the Flies (the pig’s head) that is vital to the story; reality with regards to the young men rises. â€Å"There isn’t anybody to support you. Just me. What's more, I’m the Beast... Extravagant reasoning the Be ast was something you could chase and kill!... You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the motivation behind why it’s no go? Why things are the way they are?’† (p.142) However in the film, the subject of an indication of abhorrence isn’t clear, and the Lord of the Flies scene was forgotten about. For me the most fascinating and intriguing character in the novel is Simon. In...

Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geography - Assignment Example Strict gap then again appear to differ with thought of a great many years and crush it to before six days of creation (Dawkins. 2012). Having experienced this for a considerable length of time I will in general concur with the researcher. â€Å"Young Earthers,† are overlooking the mind-boggling â€Å"scientific† proof for an old Earth. It is sure that both the researcher and men of religion do concede to the account of Noah and the curve (Dawkins. 2012). The researcher at that point proceeded to consider the result that such a fiasco may have left on the outside of the earth. Since the flood took place it more likely than not left a few consequences for the outside of the earth. This contention is so convincing in light of the fact that taking a gander at a huge number of long periods of disintegration at Colorado River the Grand Canyon was framed and such movement probably occurred during Noah’s flood (Dawkins. 2012). Numerous geologists, who are Christian and non-Christian, have taken a gander at the a huge number of feet of rock layers and fossils worldwide have basically accepted that the Flood didn’t produce them (Dawkins. 2012). They felt free to design speculations that those stone layers and fossils shaped quite a while in the past before we appeared. We can’t overlook the way that worldwide, year-long, disastrous Flood happened at the hour of Noah. We can say this with without question in view of the authority of the chronicled record in the book Genesis. Such a fiasco must have subsequently left a monstrous measure of geographical proof (Dawkins. 2012). Since the flood occurred it more likely than not covered both vegetation and animals and as water subside back they probably dissolved a significant number of the dregs set down in the principal half of the Flood and redeposit them somewhere else (Dawkins. 2012). As we take a gander at the a huge number of feet of rock layers and fossils overall most likely Flood could have created them. On the off chance that such an occasion was to happen today, it will be naã ¯ve for us to imagine that no topographical highlights will result from it. To

Delusion as a Drug or Mental Illness Effect

Delusion as a Drug or Mental Illness Effect Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Types of Delusions From Drugs or Mental Illness By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 21, 2019 People Images/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery What is a delusion? A delusion is a belief that is not based on reality. While many people within the same culture may share beliefs that are not proven and that may even seem implausible to people outside of that culture, delusions are incorrect beliefs that are not shared by other people of the same culture and seem to others to have no basis in reality. Along with hallucinations, delusions are a key symptom of psychosis. Delusions can also be an effect of such drugs as LSD, cocaine, crystal meth and other amphetamines. Delusions are a somewhat controversial phenomenon, given that beliefs are highly individual and are often based on opinion and misinformation, as much as on fact and direct experience. Many of the delusions that people with psychosis or people affected by psychoactive drugs experience have some basis in reality or cannot actually be disproved. What makes delusions different from ordinary inaccurate beliefs is the extent to which they are removed from reality and the intensity with which they affect the person having the delusion. Delusions are quite a serious problem and can lead people to trouble unpredictably. Therefore, it is important that anyone who is developing delusions seek medical help as soon as possible. Dont worry about getting into trouble if your delusions started after taking drugs. The doctor is only interested in your mental and physical health, and will not report what you tell him or her to anyone else unless there is an imminent risk of harm to yourself or someone else. But to help you properly, the doctor needs to know how the delusion started. There are certain types of delusions that commonly occur: Delusions of Grandeur People who have delusions of grandeur believe they are special and more important than other people. While one persons importance can be greater than others in certain situations - for example, most people would agree that a visiting celebrity is the most important person at an event - delusions of grandeur cause the person to think they are more important than others, even when there is no particular reason or objective evidence for it. Sometimes, the delusional person believes he is a famous person or that he has a special relationship with a famous person. Grandiosity can be an effect of some psychoactive drugs, most notably cocaine and crystal meth. This crosses over into delusion if the person is unable to see himself objectively, and develops an exaggerated sense of his importance, specialness or self-worth. Sometimes, the delusion is in stark contrast with the reality of the way the person is perceived by others. Persecutory Delusions Often called paranoid delusions, people having persecutory delusions believe that others are acting against them. This can range from thinking that other people are thinking negative thoughts about them to believing that others are plotting against them or trying to kill them. Having persecutory delusions about the medical profession can make it especially difficult for people having delusions to seek help. It requires courage to trust that a doctor or therapist will really help you if you believe they are not acting in your best interests. Well-trained professionals understand this difficulty and will do their best to reassure you that they do, in fact, want to help you get better. Relationship Delusions There are several types of delusions involving relationships. Some people develop delusions that someone, often a famous person, is in love with them. Others become convinced that their partner is being unfaithful. It can become very confusing for someone having these delusions to make sense of their relationships, and it can be upsetting for partners. Of course, some partners who are actually being unfaithful will accuse a partner of being delusional, when they are in fact correct in their suspicions. This is known as gaslighting, and it is particularly difficult for someone with a history of delusions to cope with. Somatic Delusions A whole range of delusions involving imagined diseases or defects can be experienced. They can range from believing you are ugly when you are not, to believing you are riddled with disease or parasites. These delusions are extremely unpleasant and may be accompanied by tactile or visual hallucinations that seem to prove the delusion to be true. A common delusion that people who are high on meth experience are the belief that there are bugs crawling all over their bodies or even under their skin. They may scratch and pick at their skin in an effort to rid themselves of these imagined parasites. Often, this results in unsightly scabs, sores, and scarring.

Procurement and Sourcing Contribution to Supply Chain...

Project Report On PROCUREMENT AND SOURCING: Contribution to the supply chain Submitted By Zohaib Rauf (Reg. :MBA -13409) Hasnain Haider (Reg. :MBA -5871) Supervisor Dr. Masood JANUARY 20, 2009 For the subject: Supply Chain Management Class ID: 5055 Timings: Monday / Thursday 3-6 pm 1|P a ge Letter of Transmittal July 8th, 2009 Dr. Masood, Project Supervisor, Iqra University Dear Sir: We are submitting our report on â€Å"Procurement and sourcing: contribution to the supply chain management†. As per your advice, the report includes brief understanding of the subject in light to what is being presented by us. I am grateful for your guidance and supervision without which this report could have not been†¦show more content†¦12 2.0 Industrial vs. consumer markets ................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Industrial Buying Behavior ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Buying Process .................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.1 Buy-grid Model ............................................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Buying Center ................................................................ ..................................................... 19 2.1.2.1 Dimensions of the Buying Center.................................................................................. 20 2.1.2.2 Roles in the Buying Center............................................................................................ 21 2.1.2.3 Influence in the Buying Center ..................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Factors Affecting the Buying Process and the Buying Center ............................................... 23 2.2 Industrial Services ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Maintenance, Repair, and Operation ServicesShow MoreRelated1.1 Explain the Importance of Effective Supply Chain Management in Achieving Your Organizational Objectives.1528 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain the importance of effective supply chain management in achieving your organizationa l objectives. Supply Chain Management as defined as Maximising added value and reducing total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and certainty of response to the market†. Competitive Edge through Core Competencies Todays business climate has rapidly changed and has become more competitive as ever in nature. Businesses now not only need to operate at a lower cost toRead MoreIndia s Largest Institute For Supply Chain Management Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesInstitute for Supply Management, INDIA (ISM-INDIA) situated in Gurgaon (Delhi-NCR), which have many chapters in major, cities of India. ISM-INDIA is affiliated to Institute for supply management in the USA which is the world’s largest institute for supply chain management. The main aim of cooperation is to provide opportunities for the promotion of supply management professions and expansion of skills and knowledge of professionals. ISM-INDIA works with many MNC’s, major companies and public sectorRead MoreStrategic Procurement Operation, Purchasing Strategies, Integrated Corporate Strategy3376 Words   |  14 Pages A PROACTIVE STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT OPERATION, PURCHASING STRATEGIES, INTEGRATED CORPORATE STRATEGY ASSIGNMENT 2 Student Number @00413426 February 2015 Table of content 1. Abstract 3 2. Chapter One: Procurement, Strategic Procurement and Corporate Strategy 4 3. Procurement functions- competitive advantages 7 4. Procurement functions- Reducing Waste in Value Chain 9 5. Chapter Three: Integration of Purchasing strategies with corporate strategy 11 6. Reasons for theRead MoreProcurement And Procurement Of Procurement1628 Words   |  7 PagesProcurement is also referred to as the sourcing and purchasing of goods and services for commercial purposes. Every decision unit, be it a farmer or a firm, sets procurement policies that govern its choice of suppliers, products, and the methods and procedures of buying. Depending upon the size of the decision unit and the complexity and level of formality of the agribusiness concern, procurement practices are evolved in various segments. At the farm level, sourcing decisions to many inputs and servicesRead MoreRoles of Information Technology in Purchasing8283 Words   |  34 PagesChapter 3 Purchasing and e-Procurement 3.1 The Role of Purchasing 3.1.1 Introduction to purchasing The role of purchasing is to obtain raw material, components, parts, as well as information that are needed for the production of goods or providing services. The purchasing process includes many aspects, such as request for quotation (RFQ), supplier market analysis, supplier selection, contract negotiations, and purchase plan implementation. The purchase function plays a liaison role between variousRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation2881 Words   |  12 Pagesarise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage by reducing waste in the value chain. Purchasing strategies, however cannot be developed in isolation, they need to be integrated with corporate strategy to succeed? ( Peter Baily et al 2015). Procurement was considered to be an add-on service in the past, but there isRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3331 Words   |  14 Pagesarise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage by reducing waste in the value chain. Purchasing strategies, however cannot be developed in isolation, they need to be integrated with corporate strategy to succeed? ( Peter Baily et al 2015). Procurement was considered to be an add-on service in the past, but there isRead MoreStrategic Sourcing5376 Words   |  22 Pageslogistical chain that must be in place to bring this pro-typical chocolate to you. It may not be immediately apparent to the Cadbury buyer that the ingredients have travelled from other parts of the world. [pic] Figure 1. A complex and diverse supply chain of Cadbury Chocolate Bars The processes involved in making Cadbury Dairy Fruit Nut, at the factory in Bournville in the United Kingdom, give a good illustration of how strategic sourcing is applied in Cadbury supply chain. Read MoreTrends in Procurement Scm4917 Words   |  20 PagesTRENDS IN PROCURENENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1. Introduction Procurement and Supply Chain Management (PSCM) presents the new paradigm in strategic and operational business management for the 21stcentury. By offering a cooperative and integrated model of the value-creation process in a cross-organizational perspective, it also places new challenges on business management methods and instruments used, in theory as in practice. In the field of materials management, the new PSCM perspectiveRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3034 Words   |  13 Pagesforward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. Procurement in the past was not seen as very important but in the recent times the strategic role of procurement, purchasing and supply has experienced a significant growth. The fact that a proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage is a true fact. There is a need for procurement to be integrated with corporate strategy of the organisation

The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) Essays

The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) ABSTRACT For years, extreme sports had little to nothing in common with each other except for high risk, and an appeal to women and men from the ages of 12 to 34. Entertainment Sports Programming Network (ESPN), realizing this age group was a prime viewing audience, brought together several extreme sports and created yet another commercialized sporting spectacle. Since 1995, this television network has produced the Summer X Games. After these summer productions proved to be successful television and live spectator events, ESPN expanded into the winter extreme sports. The Winter X Games have been produced since 1997. This paper, which commences with the rise of extreme sports, is†¦show more content†¦The X Generation, considered by some as less mainstream than preceding generations of youth, has been swept away with a relatively new type of non-traditional sporting activity that is referred to as extreme sports (Reitman, 1999). This is a high thrills, dare devil, real life sporting ac tivity for enthusiasts who are willing to go to the edge of athletic participation and sometimes beyond. The creation and evolution of the X Games were a carefully orchestrated chain of events. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the conditions involved in the formation and growth of the X Games. The major factors that have contributed to the biannual successes of the X Games have been the close connection of ESPN with the X Games, the involvement of corporate sponsorship, and the site choices and intense bidding by cities to serve as host sites. This article includes both key factor analyses and a historiographic examination of this extreme sporting phenomenon. HISTORICAL CLIMATE The Summer and Winter ESPN X Games are a commercialization of these extreme sports. With the X Games, ESPN had assessed what it took to be the†¦in-your-face persona of Generation X and assembled a scaffolding of events that made it all marketable (White, 1997)1. 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Team Work Free Essays

HECS 1100 Learning Together, Working Together| Learning Set Assessment Task | By Jodie Brown, Carole Fawcett, Debbie Fairhurst, Helena Judge, Helena Bonallie and Hannah Crowther| [Pick the date] | Learning Set Poster Assessment Task Within the Learning Together Working Together tutorials we were assigned to a group and given the task of designing an A4 poster which communicated information to a specific target group. The project the group chose was an A4 poster on ‘Recognising stress in carers’ aimed at carers. The group interpreted the brief as non-paid carers having someone dependent upon them such as a mother caring for her baby or a young person caring for an elderly relative. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The group originally chose the project on respect towards older people aimed at 15-19 year olds however, following a group discussion decided to change the project to recognising stress in carers. This was because the group felt that the carers topic was currently highlighted in the media and there was a large volume of literature available from a variety of sources. The group also felt that the respect towards elders project was quite a broad topic which could be interpreted in many different ways which may have been challenging to convey on a poster. The group preferred a poster over a leaflet as they felt it could reach a wider audience when placed anywhere rather than someone having to physically collect a leaflet. The group also thought a poster would be more eye catching, easier to read and concise for stressed busy carers who wouldn’t want to read large volumes of text. 152 words Initially the group did not assign specific roles to individual members as the group was only in the Forming stage (Tuckman1965), therefore, each member carried out their own individual research, gaining more knowledge on carers and the impact of stress. The team thought that different research approaches would cover all areas and allow equal input and workload from all members. The Storming stage (Tuckman1965) became evident as the resources individuals had gathered were discussed and the most relevant information was chosen. From this discussion the set decided upon the information, design and direction. This then lead into the Norming stage (Tuckman1965) where strengths and weaknesses became apparent which enabled task allocation to be easier. For example, one member having had experience in mental health initiated an idea taken from Bramham’s vulnerability bucket (date) and another member having good IT skills worked on putting the poster together based on other members inputs. These positive roles along with plant, shaper and other pos roles (138 words) Development of the group was very positive, the team progressed through Tuckman’s (1965) Stages without any conflict or problems which the learning set believed was an achievement as without this the poster would not have been produced as quickly and successfully. The main basis of the poster was decided early, giving the group plenty of time to improve and refine it with each meeting. Each member demonstrated an adult to adult relationship (Thompson 2006) with excellent communication skills throughout. As everyone became closer and felt more comfortable, it was easier to express views, portray opinions and be able to negotiate, ultimately meaning better ideas were created. Also the group was extremely open to various individual ideas which, as a result, allowed the discussions of advantages and disadvantages to reach an agreement. 131 words) The most challenging aspect of the project was that the initial idea didn’t work well on paper as it was too crowded so, it had to be adapted, without losing the concept. This took considerable time and effort however, spending this time meant that the final poster was of a higher quality. (52 words) Within the learning set respect was demonstrated throughout. This was initiated by a list of rules that were formulated at the original meeting that set the basis of how each member should behave towards one another. These were adhered to during the entire project. (Appendix 1) Acknowledgment of each members strengths and weaknesses was demonstrated the ensure that others thoughts, ideas and actions were encouraged and not dismissed. Every individuals perspectives were considered when making a group decision for example, information was shared within the file exchange on the virtual leaning environment enabled the opportunity for viewpoints to be shared. 100 words) Upon reflection on Action (Schon 1983, 1987), the group would try assigning roles to each member to see whether it was more effective. The roles could be rotated around so that each member had a go at each role. Another idea upon reflection was to formulate an Action Plan with deadlines so each person could have a step by step approach to formulate. The learning set believe these ideas wouldn’t alter the final product but could possibly improve the working style. (81 words). TOTAL WORD COUNT: 802 How to cite Team Work, Essay examples

Critical Analysis of the Fiscal Responsibility Act free essay sample

This paper critically analyses the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the Act; the machinery for implementation; the powers and tenor of the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Board; the appointment of members of the Board; Fiscal policy/activity uniformity in/among the various tiers of government; the fiscal control on borrowing; the key features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the consequences of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the protection of officeholders, among others. The paper hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. The paper then concluded that the FRA provided the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till and then made some recommendations for improvement. Page 2 of 19 Introduction Following the incessant misappropriation, mismanagement, and lack of stewardship and accountability in the nation’s public sector, the Fiscal Responsibility Bill was proposed for consideration by the President Obasanjo administration through the then Minister of Finance – Prof. Okonjo-Iwuala N. The Bill was passed into law in 2007 as the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2007. The Fiscal Responsibility Act provides for a body known as the Fiscal Management Council that comprises the Fiscal Responsibility Council and the Governing Board. The Council is charged with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Act to ensure accountability, transparency and prudence in the management of the nation’s resources by all tiers of government, government corporations or companies and agencies. Therefore, the Fiscal Responsibility Council is the regulatory and supervisory body in the public sector. By this Act, it is expected that the Public Sector would have a definite regulatory structure to act as watch dog on the activities of the public office holders and as checks on financial encroachment between/among tiers of government. This is expected to bring sanity and responsiveness into the public sector and among the various tiers of government in Nigeria. The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) is a law to â€Å"redirect government at all levels to imbibe a fiscal behaviour that will promote prudence and sound financial management in the system† (http://www. udgetmonitoring. org/ Page 3 of 19 Spotlights/2007/02/26/News11618/). The Fiscal Responsibility Act seeks to ensure that the Federal Government will never commit itself to spending money without ensuring that it has the necessary funds in place to begin with (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). Afemikhe, (2005:6), fingered the poor performance of the public sector despite abundance of mineral resources in the country and blamed al l on corruption and mismanagement. Posited thus: â€Å"how is it that a country with abundant human and natural resources, that held so much promise at independence and was trumpeted with significant economic achievements in the decade following the oil boom has so rapidly fallen from grace to grass and indeed appears to have completely lost its way and its focus? The answer lies in the twin evils of corruption and poor public expenditure management†. Afemikhe was not alone in accusing Nigeria of poor management, Africafront. om/news also decried our polity thus: â€Å"our fiscal policies have been largely characterised by poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. We have rarely failed to match our fiscal responsibility acts with the right policies thereby making effective and efficient service delivery impossible†. The site maintained that the FRA is a fundamental action to attack fiscal inconsistency and indiscipline from the head to the root. It is noted that the Fiscal Responsibility Act (20 07) â€Å" aims to ensure fiscal accountability, check corruption, monitor the budget processes and call Page 4 of 19 ublic officials to order ; it does not appear that there is one final act that should hopefully put the final nail on financial rascality in government (http://www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights/2007/02/26/ News11618/). Nwanma, Vincent, (2007) was of similar view when he asserted that â€Å"no-one expects that it (FRA) will end high-level corruption at a stroke†. According to then Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (2007), Eze Echesie, â€Å"I don’t think any single law can stem or stop fiscal rascality but we have tried to ensure the elements of consensus building in this bill†. Nath Nwabueze, a lecturer in finance at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri warned that the Fiscal Responsibility Act would not cure Nigeria’s problems of high-level corruption and poor budget planning unless it was properly enforced (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). At worst, the Act will â€Å"commit chief executives at all tiers of government to a set of efficient rules for economic management by providing set standards for the planning and control of public expenditure instead of leaving it to the whim of either the president or state governors. The Act will also facilitate parliamentary and public scrutiny of economic and monetary information and plans; bring a long-term focus to budgeting and thereby minimise risk and fluctuations in government monetary operations and policy (www. africafront. com/news). Page 5 of 19 Statements of the Problem Nigerian fiscal policies have been largely characterised by poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. This they claim spring from corruption and poor financial management. The Fiscal Responsibility Act was enacted with the aim of checking these anomalies in the system. The extent to which the law can do this is not known, therefore, it becomes imperative to analyse the content of the law to ascertain its workability within the Nigerian context. Objectives of the Study The paper aimed critically analyse the contents of the Act in order the pinpoints its possible strongpoint and defects. It will also identify and appraise the basic features of the Act to ascertain its workability in the country. Machinery for Implementation The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) has its focal point as the prudent management of the nations resources anchored in accountability and transparency with the establishment of a Fiscal Responsibility Commission to ensure the promotion, implementation and enforcement of the Act. One good feature of the Act is that it â€Å" also have a mechanism through which it can be adequately enforced because our greatest problem in this country is not making laws but enforcing them† (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights). Page 6 of 19 The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) they said is â€Å"the first time in the history of Nigeria where an enactment is accompanied with a body to enforce/implement such policy † (www. africafront. com/news). Therefore, the problem of constitutional battle as to who is responsible for enforcement as may be witnessed in some aspects of financial corruption cases where the EFCC and ICPC may have to be involved in one and/or similar cases. This clash may mar efficiency and at worst, the purpose of such law. This problem was avoided in the Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007. Powers and Tenor of the Members of the Fiscal Responsibility Commission A body corporate with perpetual succession was established and known as the Fiscal Responsibility Council. This body can sue and be sued in its name and is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act as well as promote the economic objectives contained in S. 16 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; see S. 1(1-3). The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council independence and immunity in the performance of its functions; see S. (2 3). The immunity might cause the members to indulge in ultravires acts and make them â€Å"untouchable† and â€Å"small gods† during their stay in office. Some officeholders may use them to witchhunt their enemies. Therefore, they will be more effective and fair in their judgements if they are answerable to their actions during their stay in office. Page 7 of 19 The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council powers to establish and maintain a fund for the purpose of defraying its expenditures including amount payable to the members of the Board of the Council. The major sources of fund for the council include budgetary allocation from the Federal Government, grants from others sources. The funding of the council is a mandatory obligation of the Federal Government; see S. 4(2) . Being that the Commission gets its funds from mandatory Federation Account Allocation; the presidency will have minimal influence on their actions; though the presidency appoints the Chairman (see S. 5) The Act states that the Chairman and members of the Board shall hold office for a single term of four (4) years; see S. 5(5). This may mar continuity since all the board members have to vacate office at the same time. S. 10 of the Act mandate the Board to prepare and submit an annual report containing its activities including all cases of contravention investigated during the preceding financial year, and shall include in the report a copy of its audited report and account for the preceding financial year. This section of the Act makes the body to be â€Å"forcefully† accountable and transparent to the public. This implies that any corrupt fiscal activity not uncovered before the end of a certain financial year under which such ncidence occur might make the public to view the body as corrupt in themselves and be probed. Therefore, for the sake Page 8 of 19 of personal reputation, the members of the board might want to be transparent in their dealings. Also, the Act requires the Board to submit an audited annual financial report to the National Assembly. This checks the Board’s financial excesses and may put them on track of financial transparency. This Act builds up a regulatory framework for the fiscal affairs of public office holder with the Fiscal Responsibility Council (FRC) as the regulator; see S. 7(5). But the Act did not give express powers the FRC to demand financial returns and to do onsite financial supervision on the financial affairs of the Federal, State and Local Governments and their agencies and corporations. The body will be more effective and efficient if they could check financial affairs of public office holders in the manner the CBN, the NDIC and the SEC do to banks and other financial institutions and firms whose securities are traded on the floor of the . Stock Exchange Market. Appointment of Members of the Council The Act states the each zone of the federation shall produce one representative for the Board of the Commission. It gives the State Governors of each zone the prerogative of nominating the representative; see S. 5(2e). This Act did not state the quantification and social standing of this member. This may cause the nomination to be based on political rather than academic and Page 9 of 19 social factors. This is capable bringing in politicking into the nomination as some political office holders may want to use the position as a spy and protection against his/her anomalies in office during his/her tenor. Fiscal Uniformity The Act states that the States and Local Governments shall plan the management of their fiscal affairs within the medium-term framework as prepare by the Commission for the Federal Government; see S. 17 (1). They may modify the provisions of sections 11,12,13, 14, 15 and 16 as appropriate for them. Virginia Major in www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights posited that it is important that the Act apply to all levels of government equitably. The Act sets out a general framework for budgetary planning, execution and reporting that is applicable to all levels of government. It was expected that through consultation with states and councils, the Act will set general targets and limits for selected fiscal indicators for the country with specific sanctions for non-compliance . Also it aims at high transparency and reporting standards for all the levels of government (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights). In view of that the President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua immediate after singing the bill into law commented thus: Page 10 of 19 â€Å"I have assented to the Fiscal Responsibility Bill after due consultation with the State Governments whose support and concurrence is critical to the successful nationwide implementation of the provisions of the law (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). The President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua further said that if the states governments in the federation pass equivalent laws it will tighten up their budgeting procedures at the state level. Therefore, for the Fiscal Responsibility Act to be effective, the reforms it introduces must also be adopted at state level. The Act religiously set out rules with the core objective of committing all tiers of government to a well-defined and structured economic regime which would ensure economic growth and maintain economic stability. Daily Independent (Lagos), (2009) reported that the apathy being displayed by many state government with respect to passing the Fiscal Responsibility and Public Procurement (FRPP) laws in their domains is both inexplicable and disgraceful. It said that for more than two years later – and despite the repeated urging of the Federal Government, civil society groups and well-meaning Nigerians – response by many states remains tepid and perfunctory. A report recently released by the Secretariat of the Governors’ Forum in Abuja indicates that only 11 states have so far passed the Fiscal Responsibility Page 11 of 19 Bill into law, while 12 have enacted the Public Procurement Law (Daily Independent, 2009). Both laws are designed to ensure prudent management of public resources and enthrone accountability and transparency in the conduct of government business by curbing corrupt behaviour. The states reported to have passed and signed both bills into law are Abia, Bauchi, Cross Rivers, Delta, Ebonyi, Gombe, Kaduna, Kogi, Ondo and Osun. Three states governors have not forwarded any of both bills to their houses of assembly for legislative work to commence on them. They are Akwa Ibom, Edo and Enugu states (Daily Independent, 2009). It may be noteworthy to state here that the Act will be more effective and efficient if all the tiers of governments could adopt and practice the contents of this Act. Fiscal Control on Borrowing S. 49 (1) states that any government in the Federation or its agencies and corporations desirous of borrowing shall, specify the purpose for which the borrowing is intended and present a cost-benefit analysis, detailing the economic and social benefits of the purpose to which the intended borrowing is to be applied. Nwanma, Vincent (2007) described this as â€Å"strict controls on government borrowing†. He said that this will make it more difficult for the Federal Government and the state government to borrow money at random in Page 12 of 19 order to plug unexpected gaps in funding. And it specifically bars government from borrowing money to fund routine items of recurrent expenditure such as staff salaries. Henceforth, the federal and state governments will only be allowed to borrow money to fund new capital expenditure projects such as power stations and oil refineries and new human development projects. Furthermore, they will only be allowed to borrow on approved terms, laid down by the Fiscal Responsibility Act. These are designed to guarantee that all new government loans are contracted on competitive terms – at reasonable rates of interest and with excessive fees and commissions. The new law imposes conditions on new borrowing which are designed to ensure that any government agency contracting a loan will have the means to repay it. If all borrowings are tied to cost-benefit analysis, government projects will tend to be selected based on their contribution to economic development. This will aid the achievement of the (Vision 2020) of the President Yar Adua administration. Protection of Office Holders According to one time Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (in 2007), Eze Echesie, the Anambra state government opposes the bill (when it was proposed) on the grounds that it is against the principle of fiscal federalism Page 13 of 19 practiced in Nigeria. According to him, â€Å"the bill should be restricted to the national level, which is, planning and budgeting as they relate to the Federal Government. It should not cover the state†. He further added that the Association of Commissioners of Finance in Nigeria are opposed to the bill saying that: â€Å"We will end up sending commissioners of finance to jail – and we have said that we do not want to go to jail. He pointed out that a state governor makes all the financial decisions but while the governors enjoy immunity, the commissioners – who are the accounting officers and execute government policies – do not. † www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights The Act gives the President, State Governors, Local Government Council Chairman and the Members of the Board immunity during their stay in office. But, the Minister of Finance and Commissioners of Finance at the state level are (and the treasurer at the Council level) not given immunity during their tenor. This they see as a flaw since the Minister, Commissioners of Finance and treasurer of the Local Government are responsibility and accountable for public revenues and spending. The Nigerian fiscal policy allows the presidency and state Governors to most times, spend monies without the approval of the Minister or Commissioner of Finance. Www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights noted that correcting the fiscal responsibility of the commissioners of finance will affect the efficacy of the laws at the state level. Page 14 of 19 Consequences of the FRA 1. Firstly, it should avoid a fresh build up of external and internal debt to the point where the Nigeria government can no longer meet its repayment obligations. The president (or through the Minister of Finance) on the advice of the Debt Management Office is expected by the Act to set limits on borrowings for Federal, State and Local Governments with three months to the commencement of this Act; see S. 7 (1). This set limit forms the basis for external and/or internal borrowing by all tiers of government. Any government that does not meet this requirement cannot borrow more fund internally or externally; see S. 47 (7). 2. Secondly, it should improve the chances of government projects being funded and completed on schedule. The Act makes case for planned projects. It requires that projects be properly planned and budgeted for. This includes the cost-benefit analysis and time frame for completion of the project, which have to incorporate due process. This means that the office holder who initiates a project must state in objective term its success before ever embarking in it. (All men are answerable to projects they started whether still in the office or not). Key Features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act The Act provides for a comprehensive budgetary planning process derived from Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). This is a tool for Page 15 of 19 linking policy, planning and budgeting over the medium-term – usually three years – at a government wide level. An MTEF takes account of government’s long and medium term strategies and the resources available to meet objectives over a three year time span. It also allocates resources to strategic priorities among and within sectors and it commences with the preparation of a macroeconomic framework and guidelines. It equally ensures that annual revenues and expenditures estimates are consistent with its provisions, which requires that rules on cost, cost control and evaluation of results of programmes financed are observed. The MTEF will be updated annually to reflect policy and macroeconomic changes. The principal components of the MTEF are as follows: medium-term revenue framework; medium-term expenditure framework; fiscal strategy paper spelling out the fiscal strategy for the planning term; medium term sector strategies with projects and programmes linked to long and medium term plans, which will, in turn, feed into the annual budget ad submission of a comprehensive Appropriation Bill ensuring all parameters are abided by. Already the MTEF is being implemented at the federal level. The Act seeks to codify this comprehensive planning framework (Minister of Finance – Nenadi Usman). Page 16 of 19 Conclusion The Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 has provided a yardstick for financial prudence, accountability and transparency that might engender continued economic growth and development. It is the first law in the country to be backed up with a body for implementation. It is also designed to harmonise and encouraged economic planning and control mechanism. Planning we know is sine qua non to success, therefore, we may say that the beginning of constitutional, conscious, objective and harmonised economic planning through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework is a step toward sustainable economic development for the nation. The Act has put a strategized stop to excessive, unarticulated and uneconomical borrowing that most times ends in accumulated debts that drag the nation backward. The Act touches crucial areas in our political and economic life that incite and nurture corrupt practices. We can say that the Act is capable of abating corruption in the country. All in all, it is hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. As such, it will provide the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till. Page 17 of 19 Recommendations 1. The immunity given to the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Council should be removed. As a regulatory and supervisory body to the fiscal activities of public officeholders, they should operate as the CBN, NDIC and SEC who monitors the activities of banks and security markets respectively with office immunity.

American Civil War Essays - William Tecumseh Sherman, United States

American Civil War The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic proportion. Never before have so many Americans died in battle. The American Civil War was truly tragic in terms of human life. This document will speak mainly around those involved on the battlefield in the closing days of the conflict. Also, reference will be made to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate forces. The war was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had shrunk extremely in size. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Webster 101) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the happenings and events between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of the confederate States of America. All of this will most certainly illustrate that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a tragedy. In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the city of Atlanta of its civilian population then rested ever so briefly. It was from there that General Sherman and his army began its famous "march to the sea". The march covered a distance of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide. For 32 days no news of him reached the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on what ever they could find off the land through which they passed. On their route, the army destroyed anything and everything they could not use but was presumed usable to the enemy. In view of this destruction, it is understandable why Sherman quoted "war is hell" (Sherman 200). Finally, on December 20, Sherman's men reached the city of Savannah. Then Sherman telegraphed President Lincoln: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton" (Sherman 200). Grant had decided that the only way to win and finish the war would be to attack with numbers. He knew the Federal forces held more than a modest advantage in terms of men and supplies. This in mind, Grant directed Sherman to turn around and start heading back toward Virginia. He immediately started making preparations to assistance Sherman on the journey. General John M. Schofield and his men were to detach from the Army of the Cumberland, which had just embarrassingly defeated the Confederates at Nashville, and proceed toward North Carolina. His final destination was to be Goldsboro, which was roughly half the distance between Savannah and Richmond. This is where he and his 20,000 troops would meet Sherman and his 50,000 troops. Sherman began the move north in mid-January of 1865. General P.G.T. Beauregard would supply the only hope of Confederate resistance. He was scraping together and army with every resource he could lay his hand on, but at best would only be able to muster about 30,000 men. This by obvious mathematics would be no challenge to the combined forces of Schofield and Sherman, let alone Sherman. Sherman's plan was to march through South Carolina all the while confusing the enemy. His men would march in two ranks: One would travel northwest to give the impression of a press against Augusta and the other would march northeast toward Charleston. However, the one true objective would be Columbia. Sherman's force arrived in Columbia on February 16. The city was burned to the ground and great controversy was to arise. The Confederates claimed that Sherman's men set the fires "deliberately, systematically, and atrociously". However, Sherman claimed that the fires were burning when they arrived. The fires had been set to cotton bales by Confederate Calvary to prevent the Federal Army from getting them and the high winds quickly spread the fire. The controversy would be short lived as no proof would ever be presented. So with Columbia, Charleston, and Augusta all fallen, Sherman would continue his drive north toward Goldsboro. On the way, his progress would be stalled not by the Confederate army but by runaway slaves. The slaves were attaching themselves to the Union columns and by the time the

Origins of the Cornucopia in Greek Mythology

Origins of the Cornucopia in Greek Mythology Definition: The cornucopia, literally horn of plenty, comes to the Thanksgiving table thanks to Greek mythology. The horn may have originally been that of a goat which the infant Zeus used to drink from. In the story of Zeus childhood, it is told that he was sent away to a cave for safekeeping to prevent his father Cronus from eating him. Sometimes it is said that he was nursed by a goat named Amalthea and sometimes that he was fostered by a nymph of the same name who fed him on goats milk. While an infant, Zeus did what other babies do cry. To cover up the noise and keep Cronus from finding out his wifes plot to protect her son, Amalthea asked the Kuretes or Korybantes to come to the cave in which Zeus was hidden and make lots of noise. There are various versions of the evolution of the cornucopia from a horn sitting on the head of the nurturing goat. One is that the goat tore it off herself to present it to Zeus; another that Zeus tore it off and gave it back to the Amalthea-goat promising her abundance; another, that it came from a river gods head. The cornucopia is most frequently associated with the goddess of the harvest, Demeter, but is also associated with other gods, including the aspect of the Underworld god that is the god of wealth, Pluto, since the horn symbolizes abundance.

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Coursework Example Equitable distribution of income Protecting their economy’s environment The order of importance of the objectives varies for different economies due to their different governments and institutions. Most economies would consider inflation as the most important objective where as other economies with a more socialist approach would focus on equitable distribution of income and reducing unemployment. One of the conflicts governments might face is the tradeoff between inflation, employment and GDP growth. When unemployment tends to fall in an economic boost and a strong GDP, the economy may face high inflation rates, both demand-pull and cost-push and the power of money to buy also called the purchasing power parity falls. This may actually have counter effect than what it should have, that is, positive, due to a rise in GDP. Any policies that control inflation may also lower the employment rate, thus achieving one objective, but conflicting the other. The economy may also experie nce deflation, which is negative inflation and which again lowers the employment rate, and raises the unemployment rate. Then there is the conflict between the objectives of economic growth and environmental protection. In an effort to shift the production frontier outwards, governments may have to forgo the fact that they are putting pressure on the already scarce resources, and actually may lower the living standards which are objectives in almost all economies and may also deplete the scarce resources in their effort to grow. They may also threaten the sustainability of the environment for generations to come. The third conflict is between economic growth and inflation. Rising demand for goods and services may not only increase the price of output but also the price on inputs such as raw materials, energy prices and wages. And so this would lead to increasing inflation, and in some cases hyperinflation. China and India in 2010 faced this kind of accelerating inflation. Higher rat es of inflation are also detrimental to economic growth since they affect profits, businesses and jobs. Interest rates curb the high rates of inflation and high interest rates actually appreciate the currency and have a negative impact on exports since they become expensive on the global market and their demand falls thus having a negative impact on the growth rate of the economy. The last conflict is between balance of payments and economic growth. A higher GDP is achieved when consumer demand is usually high. And this usually leads to a worsening of the balance of trade especially if the marginal propensity to trade is high. (Mankiw, 2000) Lastly, the betterment of the balance of payment situation can actually boost growth in the economy, especially by exports, but may cause another objective to fail, that is, it might lead to demand pull inflation in certain cases. (Mankiw, 2000) Governments also have direct control over two of the economy’s macroeconomic policies: fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies deal with the economy’s budget and are managed by the Legislative and Executive branches of the government. Monetary policies are conducted by the central bank of the economy or the Federal Reserve. Fiscal policy is a means by which government controls the economy by adjusting its spending and the tax rate. When the

How important is curriculum in determining a school's international Essay

How important is curriculum in determining a school's international status - Essay Example Further, for high school students that are graduating, they would often look for schools in other countries to enrol in for their college education. Most of the time, they choose schools by popularity and International status. But the question is, how is curriculum related or is a factor in determining the International status of an educational institution? We will dwell on the answers as we go further along. This paper will also discuss the significance of curriculum, the theories and basis of curriculum, the different approaches to learning, elements of curriculum, effects of changes in curriculum and the relation of curriculum to international acclaim. Curriculum as a Work Plan In every aspect of life, planning is required. Whether it is as simple as planning for a family vacation or things to do during the holiday break, plans play an important role in achieving objectives at the end. And in deciding on education, there should be a formal framework to be followed to ensure that t he end product will come out as planned. Plans are made and drawn to be followed to ensure success. And careful planning is very much needed especially if an educational institution is to offer learning and development to its students for years. Curriculum is the plan for educational institutions (Pinar 2003). ... Not only will it focus on the academics of the students but will include the other aspects of a student’s life like extracurricular activities, social activities, learning ability and other learning needs and (Abbott, Hughes, Williamson 2001) agrees. Further, a curriculum does not only set a plan for its students but for the mentors and teachers too. It will include an estimate measure of time regarding how many sessions should a subject matter take, the workload of teachers and their capability to teach the subject matter at hand. All of these constitute to the curriculum of a school and now, we can move forward and talk about the significance or importance of curriculum in a school setting. Significance of Curriculum in Schools As previously discussed, curriculum serves as a work plan on how a school attains objective goals at the end of a course. So, why is this important in the different levels of schooling namely elementary or grade school, high school and college or high er education. For the elementary level, the curriculum is drawn with consideration of all the learning needs of a child. At this stage (Waller & Clark 2007) says children will still have different learning capabilities and different ways of adapting to teaching methods. Such considerations will be included in the drafting of the curriculum. Students in this level will have no choice on what subjects to take as they are being geared towards studying a universal curriculum. The reason for this is that grade school students should have a complete development regarding all subject matter. In the high school level, there are more choices given to the student. Although the freedom of subjects is still limited, there is still an exercise of

Introduction To The Malaysian Film Industry Media Essay

Introduction To The Malaysian Film Industry Media Essay The Malaysian film industry has always been trying to reach their way to the top in matching the standards of creating a successful movie. Nowadays, we see most people now are much prefers watching foreign movies rather than watching local movies. It is certain that our local films are still way far behind. The author wills doing research about finding ways to develop local movies. During the researches also will to identify the weaknesses of producing a movie and know how to improve it. Objectives The main objective of this research is to bring out the answer to the question about how to develop of our local movies. So we will know whether the local movies will be more preferable than foreign movies in the future. Introduction The research conduct research via the general public in the form of a questionnaire, interview, observation and this data will help evaluate whether can locate what is missing in local filmmaking. Four methods were used in collecting data throughout the research. First the author had gathered information through distributing questionnaire to public in Limkokwing University, GSC cinema at Alamanda and also Jaya Jusco near Equine. The reason why the author selected those areas is because the people around there are mostly students, families and working adults which of them are mainly part of the film spectator. Target audience This topic of research is mainly target to young generations to working adults, from the ages from 18 to 50 years old .This research is essentially to understand how the development improves the form of common ways of producing. Also to understand what the target audiences really like, what they know about, and want they would want for local movies to look like. Primary Research Interview feedback summary Questionnaire Feedback Summary The data has been collected in from questionnaire from different locations within several age and groups for the survey. The author ,distributed questionnaire to 50 respondents. The areas covered were Limkokwing University Library and SMK Cyberjaya, MPH City Square Johor Bharu. The reason why author selected these area because the people around there are mostly people using either digital or print media for educational or information. Another reason is these place are point people find book and they are come from different background,these area always crowded with all kind of people and with all different age group moving around. Most of all they have time to answer my few questions regarding author concern about which media is more prefer either print or digital on media publications. 1. General Information 4. How many times do you buy newspapers for a week? The chart shows, the percentage of how many times people buy newspaper for a week, the purpose of this question was to know if people still bought print media or only prefer digital media to find news.48 %only sometimes bought the newspapers, only during weekend.36 % bought newspaper everyday, this group in government workers.16 % not at all bought the newspapers, this group come from student and professionals. The authors opinion student and professional are the group always online. Theyre prefer read online news. When is the last time you bought a book or a magazine? The author want to know frequently people bought print media such as a book or a magazine.46% did buy last week. Last month bought print media make 38%.16% did not remember when last time bought print media stuff. They still bought book or a magazine even technology especially internet will got lot information. In general, what do your prefer subscribe a Digital PDF or buy printed books and magazines? The author needs to know which media the people prefer now days either subscribe Digital PDF, buy printed books and magazines or both. Most of them 44% choose both.30% prefer buy printed books and magazines and 26% prefer digital PDF such as CD, e-book. Depend on what content they will bought especially for educational people prefer digital compare magazine their still like print media. Do you prefer media (internet, mobile, etc) or print media (newspaper, magazine, etc) for your reading material? The author discovered which audience prefer for reading material either print media or digital media. The busy life today make 64 % people prefers Digital media, only 36 %t still prefer print media for reading material. The author add, technology also change people read common reading material. If Digital media, why? From the survey, why people choose digital media for reading material the author found majority 31 % agreed digital media are an effective, interactive features and updated.22 % choose because an effective,28% because an interactive features attract their choose digital media and 19% because the updated information. Most people choose all features digital media provide because of the feature will help them when using digital media. If Print media, why? From the survey, why people choose print media for reading material the author found majority 56% agreed print media because of credibility, loyal readerships and long life span. 22% chosen because of long life span, 11 percent because loyal readerships and long life span. What are your expectations for the future about print media? In recent years there has been a growing trend people using digital media. The author tried to find from this question how their expectation about print media in future. The 66% expect print media not available in future. Only 34% still want print media available. Do a digital media play a part in your everyday life? The purpose author asked this question to find influenced digital media in their everyday life.82% agree digital media play a part in your everyday life. Communications is important today. Internet and mobile phone almost help in their life, especially deliver information. Only 18% not agree. This part also show a trend of the older group and young group gap. Nowadays is digital media more effective compare print media. Do you agree? In above chart 62 % of audience agree digital media more effective compare 16% not agree. Others 22% not sure either digital or print media. In author opinions why people agree this statement nowadays because the features of digital media much help people compare print media. In future, which media will help you better in keeping your daily notes, appointments or reminder? In daily lives media one medium will help to keeping your daily notes, appointment or reminder. The author looking from the survey, in future 54% people believe digital media will help their more better compare 14% still think print media it better. But 12% want both to help them later in future. This show that there is definitely a trend for digital becoming in future. Which media do you prefer for sharing information today? You may tick more than one? The pie cart indicated percentages which media prefer for sharing information, from the survey 23 percentages using text messaging. Then the author found people using mobile phone and chatting using internet to share information each same percentage is 22.15 percentages using forum to sharing information using discussion in forum. Whereas 11 percentages using email and small percentage 7 using others. More than half from the survey using internet to sharing information. The trends show people now move to digital media. Self Observation The author had decided to do observation on what occurs at the cinema. The cinema was at GSC Tropicana City. Upon arrival, the author went straight to the top floor right where the cinema is  ­and saw a huge crowd of people lining up their queue to buy tickets and another line was at the snacks counter. A lot of movies that were screening sold very fast could see numbers being reduced until 0. The night was quite packed with people mostly on weekends and it was Saturday that time. The author wouldnt have to worry because of already booked it earlier from the internet which was much easier than to wait in the line. The GSC has their own website and people can make reservations through online. The cinema looked very stylish now than since it was first opened. The tickets normally priced around RM6-15 according to types of seats and class of cinema. There are 8 cinema halls here and people can proceed inside the moment the light indicator within each number starts to blink. Public Observation When the author asked certain people about any local movies they dont quite respond fully for what it seems that its not really matter to them. They feel of the Malay movies is just trying playing it safe. It is irregular for certain people to go to the cinema just to watch any of the local movies nowadays. As lot people are really willing to see something new and not most of the Malay movies came up with a fulfilling storyline. Sometimes it also doesnt have the originality anymore for what theyre trying to sell. The acting and the story would be what everyone is always expecting to see. Friends usually tend to spread the news as they watch a trailer. One of the main sources for trailers is YouTube, a useful site to find and watch videos. Eventually everyone nowadays will know what they would like to watch from many source found in the internet. For finding a place to watch a movie can also be located from the newspapers as it is a daily reading source for information. Show times can be found there and are listed by any nearest local cinemas. People dont regularly go alone. They think what would be more enjoyable watching movies at the cinema is when they brought along some friends to watch together. It could be a comedy movie, thriller and even action packed movie. But almost all Malaysian people havent feel satisfied yet because of not having a lot Malaysian movies produced year by year. I just keep feeling like trying to compete on those foreign movies me and every other people regularly watch. The last time I watch Malay movie at cinema was on the 2008, a movie called Sumolah. I found good acts by the local actors such as Afdlin Shauki, Review on the positive and negative side of the movie. It was a good movie with a lot of effort and budgets that were put. I get to see Malaysian actors speak Japanese if I were not mista ken. They also get the chance to acknowledge the art of Sumo fighting and had a bit of comedy too. Maybe some of the filmmakers would not likely take a bigger risk that is why the production of a movie for each year becomes slower. Anyways, I am certain that we are still in progress of building up and Im sure one day we can all be proud to see greater screening from our own Malaysian itself in time. Literature Review PRINT VS DIGITAL: THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON MEDIA PUBLICATION In this stage, the author will cover secondary research from books and internet. Lately the technologies are moving faster and increase in various fields. It will change our lifestyle, as well the hot topics always debate which better print or digital media. In a survey conducted by Ofcom(2006) In every country surveyed, broadband usage appears linked to a decline in conventional television viewing. On average around one-third of consumers with broadband access said they watch less television since going online. Conversely, internet access appears to have a positive effect on radio listening, offsetting a decline in hours spent listening to conventional broadcast radio. On secondary research, the areas author will cover in this chapter are The future of book No one has asked the customers whether they prefer print materials or electronic media or other sources. Print publications should be changed into a form of digital media. The Future of Book Whether individuals express preference or aversion toward e-books, there are multiple reasons related to lifestyle preferences, as well as personal views on technologies, learning methods, and pleasure reading (Nielsen 2008) Based on the quote above, there are lot reasons why people toward reading e-books compare book. The problem with the e-book and traditional book debate is that e-books have evolved but common perceptions of them have not. E-book produce with bonus and you will get information that usually doesnt come with a book. For example such links will also make books No one has asked the customers whether they prefer print materials or electronic Media or other sources much easier to discover, by helping searchengines. As discussed by online magazine The from as link structures develop around books, search algorithms can count incoming links as votes, giving more weight to incoming links from much-cited places and less to obscure ones. The (offline) citation culture of academic literature already works this way. (The future of book: Mixed Media 2007 p.27). Other advantages reading e-book are involves learning through visual aspects. Embedded videos in e-books will might benefit to people with good visual memory. Figure 1: Book of Future Source: (diamondheadz.files.wordpress.com 2007) Now lifestyle more to digital life. We can see anywhere people online, everyone had digital stuff like mobile phone, PDA, ipod, computer. Technology allows to do many things, anywhere and anytime As mentioned by Rita(2008) in book.com forum, People who read e-books are typically electronics junkies. My point is they ALREADY have the device and its doing double or even triple duty already. Heres an interesting tidbit. E-books can be read on whatever the reader has on hand. For example computer, a PDA, a Blackberry or Palm Pilot even a phone. Rita (2008) added that In Japan, where people commute for long periods each day, sales of mobile-phone novels books that you download and read in instalments on the screen of your cell phone have jumped from nothing five years ago to over  ¥10 billion ($82m) a year today. In a interview by Joanna (2009) with Michael Pastore, he said E-BOOK give us the latest available information. Ebooks of the future, like software, will be featured with an option for automatic updates. So, for example, you can buy the 1.0 edition of my e-book about e-kamus, and if you turn on your update now button, you get a newer e-kamus edition with more new words or information, and a list of changes and additions. After all of the information collected please stop worrying about is it e-book will replace traditional book or not. We should be grateful with e-book can add new experience for learning or reading material. In fast increasing technology will help people make it everything fast. Authors opinion in future e-book will be efficient suitable to all generation, they feel comfortable use e-book. No One Has Asked The Customers Whether They Prefer Print Materials or Electronic Media Many marketers are pushing their customers toward electronic statements, e-newsletters, bills, and transactional statements as a green move, but in reality, it has more to do with economics. But while pushing e-communications as greener, has anyone bothered to ask what customers how they feel about it? (Tolliver-Nigro 2009) Based on the quote, the author try to find out either people fine with digital media or still stick with digital media. Perspective ( inspiredeconomist.com 2007) from business site on the survey it found that, while 71% of respondents always open email containing a monthly bill, this jumped to 92% of consumers who received statements by mail. Likewise, while 60% always open an email containing a bank statement, this jumps to 83% when the bank statement comes in the mail. Other researches the author sure people prefer digital because the number of people who read newspapers and magazines is growing. Of course, with few exceptions that growth is all digital. Take one example Pontin (2009) said Between 14 million and 22 million read nytimes.com every month; the print circulation of the weekday Times is just one million. In all, on any day, 32 million Americans read their news online. Those numbers suggest contented customers. Mainstream media in electronic publishing are good business. Figure 2: Chart of age group Source: (http://www.deathofprint.co.uk 2008) The young generation more prefer digital media compare print media, see the figure 2 from the BBC report the chart show there seems to be a generation gap in the use of or viewing of online and mobile video. It found that viewing of online video was popular among the 16-24 age group but the viewing of online video decreased as the age groups got older. In author opinions general trend the percentage of those age groups watching online video falls as the age gets older, it does rise again in him 65+ age group, a possible theory on this could be the fact that in general people of this age group have more time on their hands than some of the other age groups. The author opinions the trend of digital media becoming part of everyday life, people lives are now ingrained with technology from birth meaning that a lot of people especially the younger generation are very technologically savvy meaning that they are keeping up with the technological change. Print Publication Should Be Changed Into A Form of Digital Media Digital publication of e-books and electronic articles, and the development of digital libraries and catalogues are include in E-Publishing. Electronic (Jose 1999 p.5) publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed paper scientific journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. The author also knew that although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high speed access to a network. The advantages of electronic publishing are speed and integration. Jose (1999 , p.12) highlighted that the speed of distribution just the beginning. He added electronic publishing also gives publisher and readers more flexible management of the publications they are create. Nowdays the readers who are spending increasing daily hours online with or without having access to the digital version of your publication. Other (Jose 1999, p.6) benefits of print to digital publications are state by embedding video and interstitial ads, tracking the number of readers unique and repeat, growing your online ad inventory by serving IAB standard ads within and outside the digital publication pages, capturing user view and interaction data such as page views, clicks unique and repeat ,the ability to instantly share the E-magazine with friends or colleagues. The phenomenally low cost of publishing a digital magazine may be the knockout punch in the triumph of digital version over print version. Print publications have character digital publications may be the future (Hicks 2009). Hicks(2009) he also supported that Yes, but the print magazines have a certain endearing quality about them. For example a print magazine is finite, you can read it cover to cover. Hicks (2009) also added The vibrant colors are, in most cases, better than screen resolution of a laptop or a PC monitor. In fact there is an entire set of reader behaviours such as tearing out articles, dog-ears to mark pages, flipping the pages to scan the pictures and headlines etc. that continue to define the strong if dwindling relationship between the print publications and its readers. Flipping pages, for example, can be much quicker than going to as many web pages on a site, not to overlook the fact that you must be online. It is an example how you can do try print media changed into a form of digital media. This is probably simple step. Hickss (2009)mention once you have an account all it takes is to follow 3 easy steps: Upload the PDF; Configure your digital publication example provide a short description and select features you would like to enable; Click CONVERT. It takes just minutes and you will have a URL for your digital publication which you can forward to your friends, colleagues or just embed in your emails or website The authors opinion it digital publication no only easy step, also a lot advantages when print publication change to that. According (Hicks 2009) this is begin with the readers who are spending increasing daily hours online with or without having access to the digital version of your publication. CONCLUSION For many years the technology will changes common print publication to digital media. Technology will continue to develop digital publication. Yes, today young generation prefer use digital media compare print. As we have seen from the evidence in this research, there is certainly a trend towards the use of digital media, especially in everyday life. This however seems to be coming as a generalization from the younger age groups. The evidence of this is in the questionnaire and public observation the author done. The author achieve the objective to find out whether digital media will replace print media for future. Depend on situation, this may be different in the future digital media in general is still relatively expensive meaning people such as the poor will not be able to access digital media as well as traditional media where televisions can be bought relatively cheaply and where newspapers are cheap to read compared with the cost of buying a computer and having to pay for the cost of an internet connection every month. Based on the author did literature review,a lot advantages and disadvantages digital media in future. Hicks(2009) he also supported that Yes, but the print magazines have a certain endearing quality about them. For example a print magazine is finite, you can read it cover to cover. Hicks (2009) also added The vibrant colors are, in most cases, better than screen resolution of a laptop or a PC monitor. In fact there is an entire set of reader behaviours such as tearing out articles, dog-ears to mark pages, flipping the pages to scan the pictures and headlines etc. that continue to define the strong if dwindling relationship between the print publications and its readers. Overall research the author came to conclusion based on the information gathered from doing interviews,distributed questionnaire as well doing self and public observation. Conclusion from the author is technology make publication toward digital over print and more young people prefer it. The author agree in future digital media will replace print media. As we have seen from the evidence in this research the digital media spreading fast because of today digital gadget are devices are been introduced to help the audience to save time and got information easier. Also helper audience updated information. For example e-book have many benefits over simple printed material as common book. REFERENCES Books Jose, S 1998, Electronic Publishing Guide, Macmillan Computer Publishing USA. Internet Hickss, J 2009, Why every print publication should also be a digital publication. Retrieved October 7 2009 from http://education.ezineseeker.com/why-every-print-publication-should-also-be-a-digital-publication-3a455d42ce.html Nielsen, E 2008, The Future of Books: Mixed Media and Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://education.ezineseeker.com/the-future-of-books-mixed-media-and-multiple-intelligences-13b392b625.htmlhttp://education.ezineseeker.com/the-future-of-books-mixed-media-and-multiple-intelligences-13b392b625.html Tolliver-Nigro, H 2009. Print vs. Electronic Media: Has Anyone Asked Customers What THEY Prefer?Retrieved October 5 2009 http://inspiredeconomist.com/2009/09/20/print-vs-electronic-media-has-anyone-asked-customers-what-they-prefer/ Images Book Of Future [Image]2007. Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://diamondheadz.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/the-future-of-books.jpg Death of print [Image]2008 .Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://www.deathofprint.co.uk/digitalife.html Bibliography Daniel T.(2009 ) News has a bright future [Internet].Available from http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10196386-93.html.[Accessed 10 September 2009] Ed C,Paul DS,Michael G,David R .(2000) Print versus Electronic Media: The threat to newspapers and Newsprint[Internet]. Available from http://www.sric-bi.com/DF/oldMFsummaries/PrintToC.shtm.[Accessed 10 September 2009] J D. (2005) Digital versus print media [Internet].Available from http://www.iproceed.com/blog [Accessed 1 September 2009] Jeff V.(2007) The Digital Media Revolution: Chaos, or a Nesw Order? [Internet]. Available from http://www.visioncritical.com/2009/10/the-digital-media-revolution-chaos-or-a-new-order .[Accessed 10 September 2009]. Lithospheres Print Production Process [Internet]. Available from http://www.lithosphere.co.uk/content/process.htm [Accessed 3 October 2009] Scoot L.(2008) .No News is Bad News: The Future of Print Media[Internet]. Available from http://www.psfk.com/2008/12/no-news-is-bad-news-the-future-of-print-media.html [Accessed 25 September 2009] Scott K.( 2008).Future Of Digital Media: Perfecting Existing Technologies For People On The Web[Internet].Available from http://publishing2.com/2008/01/15/future-of-digital-media-perfecting-existing-technologies-for-people-on-the-web [Accessed 25 September]. Video: Bright future for print media? [Internet]. Available from http://vodpod.com/watch/1835455-video-bright-future-for-print-media [Accessed 15 September 2009] Video:Future Of Paper and Print Media in Digital Online World [Internet]. Available from http://www.howcast.com/videos/21071-Future-Of-Paper-and-Print-Media-in-Digital-Online-World.[Accessed 15 September 2009]

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter using Bellows as Sensor R. Sarkar, Animesh Ghosh, Lipika Ghosh and N. Mandal Asansol Engineering College Vivekananda Sarani, Kanyapur, Asansol-713305 E-mail: [email  protected] com, ghoshanimesh. [email  protected] com, [email  protected] com Abstract: Bellows, an elastic type pressure sensor is generally used as a local indicator. To transmit the signal of bellows to a remote distance some technique is needed.In the present paper a Hall probe sensor has been used to convert the bellows movement into voltage signal which can be converted into 4 – 20 mA current signal and transmitted to a remote indicator. It has been observed that the transducer and transmitter outputs against pressure have a very good linearity and repeatability. The necessary theoretical equations along with experimental results are reported in the paper. Keywords: pressure measurement, bellows, Pressure transmitter, Magnet, Hall Probe. I. INTRODUCTION Pressu re is an important measuring and controlling technical parameter during industrial production process.In order to operate industrial production well, pressure should be accurately measured and controlled. Pressure can be measured in terms of absolute or gauge. The absolute pressure can be measured in terms of height of a liquid column in a manometer whereas the gauge pressure is measured by different types of sensors [1-4]. As for example bourdon tube, diaphragm, capsule, bellow element etc. operate as primary sensing elements for measuring positive or negative gauge pressure. The sensors like strain gauge, piezoresistance, LVDT, capacitive element, inductive element etc. ct as secondary sensors to measure positive or negative gauge pressure. The negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure can also be measured by many other sensors like pirani gauge, ionization gauge, McLeod gauge etc. In industrial application it is required to transmit the measured pressure to a remote distance. He nce in a pressure transmitter, the change of sensor parameter due to the change of fluid pressure is converted into an electric or pneumatic signal by using a suitable transducer and that signal after amplification is transmitted to a remote receiver.Thus the pressure transducer is a vital part of any pressure transmitter and its performance determines the reliability of operation of the transmitter. Many works on development of reliable pressure transducer are still being reported by different groups of workers. B. Raveendran et al. [5] have designed and developed a MEMS based wireless modular pressure transmitter. A Bourdon tube based pressure transmitter unit using an improved inductance bridge network has been studied by S. C. Bera et al. [6]. Y. Ruan et al. 7] have developed a multipoint wireless pressure transmitting system composed of pressure sensor PTB203, A/D converter ADC0804, MCU STC89C52, wireless communication module CC1101, receiver module STC89C52, CC1101 and display module LCD1602. Zeng Mingru et al. [8] have developed a HART Protocol based intelligent pressure transmitter which is compatible with both analog and digital signals. K. Subramanian et al. [9] have developed MEMS type capacitive pressure sensor with sensitivity of the order of few fF/ kPa. Universal frequency to digital converter (UDFC) technique has been used by S.Y. Yurish [10] to develop an intelligent digital pressure transducer. A multiplexed frequency transmitter technique has been used by R. Vrba et al. [11] to design a reliable pressure transducer using ceramic diaphragm. In the present paper, a hall probe based pressure measurement technique has been developed. In this technique a permanent magnet is placed on the tip of the bellows with the Hall probe sensor on the top of the outside fitting of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The movement of the bellows tip is measured by a hall probe sensor.With the change of pressure the distance between magnet and the hall sensor d ecreases and so the magnetic intensity at the sensor increases. The Hall sensor senses this increase of magnetic field intensity and accordingly its output voltage increases with the increase of pressure. This signal is nonlinearly related with the movement of float. But for very small movement of the bellows this voltage will be almost linear. The experimental results are reported in the paper. The block diagram of the proposed transducer is shown in Fig. 1. Necessary athematical equations have been derived to explain the theory of operation of the transducer as well as transmitter. A prototype unit along with the signal conditioner has been designed and fabricated. The experiments have been performed to find out the static characteristics of the sensor, transducer and transmitter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. A very good linearity and repeatability of results with adjustable sensitivity of the transducer has been observed. [pic] Fig. 1: Diagram of the propos ed transducer along with float and hall probe sensorII. METHOD OF APPROACH In the present paper the pressure is sensed by a bellows. A magnet is placed on the top of the bellows. And the hall probe on the bellows chamber. The float movement of the bellows is converted into voltage by a hall probe sensor. Output voltage is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier INA101 and then converted into 4-20 mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. This signal is then transmitted to remote station with negligible loss. Let the pressure is [pic] and the corresponding height of the bellows tip from reference is [pic].In bellows the height of the tip is proportional to pressure and is written as [pic](1) where [pic] is the constant Now the distance of the hall probe from the magnet is [pic](2) where [pic] is the total length of the hall probe from reference. In the present work the magnet is selected to be a circular permanent magnet. Let the radius and width of the magnet be ‘ [pic]’ and‘[pic]’ respectively. Hence magnetic field at the hall probe due to magnet is [pic](3) where [pic] is the constant depending on the pole strength of the magnet, its radius and permeability of air which are all constants.Since [pic] equation (3) is reduced to [pic] (4) [pic](5) The above equation is equally true for very low pressure also. Since at low pressure [pic], so equation (5) is reduced to [pic] (6) Now the output hall voltage [pic] of the hall sensor is proportional to [pic] if the current passing through the sensor be kept constant and hence it is given by [pic](7) where [pic] is the constant of proportionality. Hence from equations (5) & (7) [pic] (8) or, [pic](9) where [pic] is another constant. Therefore from equations (1), (8) and (9), the output from hall probe is given by [pic](10) pic] (11) [pic](12) Therefore output is linearly related with pressure. III. DESIGN In the present design a cylindrical permanent magnet is selected of inner r adius [pic], depth [pic], width [pic]. In our present design, [pic]. The output of hall sensor is amplified by INA101 based instrumentation amplifier. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier is set by external resistor R1. This output signal is first converted into amplified voltage signal [pic]in the range 1-5 volt D. C. and then into current signal[pic] in the range 4-20mA D. C. y a signal conditioner circuit as shown in Fig. 2. After calibration the output of the transmitter becomes 4mA when [pic]is 1 volt and pressure[pic]is zero psig and 20mA when [pic]is 5 volt and pressure[pic]is at maximum range [pic]of the bellows. Hence the transmitter voltage output[pic] in volt and current output[pic]in mA may be written as, [pic] (13) and [pic] (14) From (13) and (14), [pic] (15) where [pic]and [pic](16) [pic] Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed pressure transmitter using bellows element as sensing device pic] Fig. 3: Circuit diagram of hall probe based pressure indicator IV. EXPERI MENT The experiment is performed in two steps. In the first step, the proposed transducer was designed, fabricated and mounted on the outside cover of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The bellows with the above sensor was first fitted with a dead weight tester and the dead weight of the dead weight tester was increased in steps and in each step the Hall voltage output is measured and the characteristics of the hall sensor based transducer unit is determined.The characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure is shown in Fig. 4. Experiment was repeated both in increasing and decreasing modes for several times and the standard deviation curve for six observations is shown in Fig. 6. In the second step the output of the pressure transmitter is taken in terms of current signal and he characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. [pic] Fig. 4: Characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure [pic] Fig. 5: Percentage deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic]Fig. 6: Standard Deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic] Fig. 7: Characteristic graph of hall probe based pressure transmitter V. DISCUSSION The characteristic of hall probe sensor is nonlinear in nature. But change of hall probe voltage is quite linear as shown in Fig. 4. The linear nature of the curve is due to the fact that the movement of the tip of the bellows for the entire pressure range is generally very small and hall probe voltage due to small change of distance between hall probe and magnet lies almost in the linear zone.The percentage deviation curves from linearity as shown in Fig 5 also indicate that the percentage deviation from linearity also lies within the tolerable limit. A very good repeatability of the experimental data was also observed as shown by the standard deviation curves in Figs. 6. The characteristic of the whole transmitter is almost linear as shown in Fig 7. The design of the system is very sim ple and the hall probe & the permanent magnet are now available at a very low cost. Hence the cost of the pressure transmitter will be low. References: 1] J. P. Bentley, Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd ed. Longman Singapore Publishers (pvt) Ltd. , Singapore, 1995. 2] E. O. Doeblin, Measurement System Application and Design, 4th ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. 3] B. G. Liptak, Process Measurement and Analysis, 3rd ed. , U. K. Butterworth Heinman, Oxford, 1999. 4] D. M. Considine, Process Instruments and Control Hand Book, 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974. 5] Raveendran, B. ; Subhash, K. M. â€Å"Design of modular pressure transmitter with wireless capability† IEEE Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012, pp 1 – 3 6] Bera, S. C. ; Mandal, N. ; Sarkar, R. â€Å"Study of a Pressure Transmitter Using an Improved Inductance Bridge Network and Bourdon Tube as Transducer† IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measureme nt, Vol 60 , Issue 4 , Year: 2011 , pp 1453 – 1460 7] Yaocan Ruan; Minghao He; Shuran Song; Tiansheng Hong â€Å"Multipoint wireless pressure detecting system† 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2011 IEEE Conference, 2011 , PP 4091 – 4094 8] Zeng Mingru; You Wentang; Qian Xin , â€Å"The development of intelligent pressure transmitter based on HART Protocol† IEEE Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Eco systems and Technologies (EDT), Vol. , 2010 , pp 121 – 124 9] Kanakasabapathi Subramanian, Jeffrey B. Fortin, and Kuna Kishore, â€Å"Scalable vertical diaphragm pressure sensors: device and process design, design for packaging† IEEE Sensors Journal. , vol. 6, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 618-622 10] S. Y. Yurish, â€Å"Intelligent digital pressure sensors and transducers based on universal frequency-to-digital converters† (UFDC-1), Sensors & Transducers Journal. , vol. 60, no. 10, October 2005, pp. 432-438. 11] Radimir Vrba, Miroslav Sveda and Karel Marecek, â€Å"Pressure transducer with multiplexed frequency transmitter†, Slconi04 – Seoron for industry Conference, New Orleans, Louisiaiib, USA, 27th -29th January, 2004, pp. 07-10.