Introduction To The Malaysian Film Industry Media Essay

Introduction To The Malaysian Film Industry Media Essay The Malaysian film industry has always been trying to reach their way to the top in matching the standards of creating a successful movie. Nowadays, we see most people now are much prefers watching foreign movies rather than watching local movies. It is certain that our local films are still way far behind. The author wills doing research about finding ways to develop local movies. During the researches also will to identify the weaknesses of producing a movie and know how to improve it. Objectives The main objective of this research is to bring out the answer to the question about how to develop of our local movies. So we will know whether the local movies will be more preferable than foreign movies in the future. Introduction The research conduct research via the general public in the form of a questionnaire, interview, observation and this data will help evaluate whether can locate what is missing in local filmmaking. Four methods were used in collecting data throughout the research. First the author had gathered information through distributing questionnaire to public in Limkokwing University, GSC cinema at Alamanda and also Jaya Jusco near Equine. The reason why the author selected those areas is because the people around there are mostly students, families and working adults which of them are mainly part of the film spectator. Target audience This topic of research is mainly target to young generations to working adults, from the ages from 18 to 50 years old .This research is essentially to understand how the development improves the form of common ways of producing. Also to understand what the target audiences really like, what they know about, and want they would want for local movies to look like. Primary Research Interview feedback summary Questionnaire Feedback Summary The data has been collected in from questionnaire from different locations within several age and groups for the survey. The author ,distributed questionnaire to 50 respondents. The areas covered were Limkokwing University Library and SMK Cyberjaya, MPH City Square Johor Bharu. The reason why author selected these area because the people around there are mostly people using either digital or print media for educational or information. Another reason is these place are point people find book and they are come from different background,these area always crowded with all kind of people and with all different age group moving around. Most of all they have time to answer my few questions regarding author concern about which media is more prefer either print or digital on media publications. 1. General Information 4. How many times do you buy newspapers for a week? The chart shows, the percentage of how many times people buy newspaper for a week, the purpose of this question was to know if people still bought print media or only prefer digital media to find news.48 %only sometimes bought the newspapers, only during weekend.36 % bought newspaper everyday, this group in government workers.16 % not at all bought the newspapers, this group come from student and professionals. The authors opinion student and professional are the group always online. Theyre prefer read online news. When is the last time you bought a book or a magazine? The author want to know frequently people bought print media such as a book or a magazine.46% did buy last week. Last month bought print media make 38%.16% did not remember when last time bought print media stuff. They still bought book or a magazine even technology especially internet will got lot information. In general, what do your prefer subscribe a Digital PDF or buy printed books and magazines? The author needs to know which media the people prefer now days either subscribe Digital PDF, buy printed books and magazines or both. Most of them 44% choose both.30% prefer buy printed books and magazines and 26% prefer digital PDF such as CD, e-book. Depend on what content they will bought especially for educational people prefer digital compare magazine their still like print media. Do you prefer media (internet, mobile, etc) or print media (newspaper, magazine, etc) for your reading material? The author discovered which audience prefer for reading material either print media or digital media. The busy life today make 64 % people prefers Digital media, only 36 %t still prefer print media for reading material. The author add, technology also change people read common reading material. If Digital media, why? From the survey, why people choose digital media for reading material the author found majority 31 % agreed digital media are an effective, interactive features and updated.22 % choose because an effective,28% because an interactive features attract their choose digital media and 19% because the updated information. Most people choose all features digital media provide because of the feature will help them when using digital media. If Print media, why? From the survey, why people choose print media for reading material the author found majority 56% agreed print media because of credibility, loyal readerships and long life span. 22% chosen because of long life span, 11 percent because loyal readerships and long life span. What are your expectations for the future about print media? In recent years there has been a growing trend people using digital media. The author tried to find from this question how their expectation about print media in future. The 66% expect print media not available in future. Only 34% still want print media available. Do a digital media play a part in your everyday life? The purpose author asked this question to find influenced digital media in their everyday life.82% agree digital media play a part in your everyday life. Communications is important today. Internet and mobile phone almost help in their life, especially deliver information. Only 18% not agree. This part also show a trend of the older group and young group gap. Nowadays is digital media more effective compare print media. Do you agree? In above chart 62 % of audience agree digital media more effective compare 16% not agree. Others 22% not sure either digital or print media. In author opinions why people agree this statement nowadays because the features of digital media much help people compare print media. In future, which media will help you better in keeping your daily notes, appointments or reminder? In daily lives media one medium will help to keeping your daily notes, appointment or reminder. The author looking from the survey, in future 54% people believe digital media will help their more better compare 14% still think print media it better. But 12% want both to help them later in future. This show that there is definitely a trend for digital becoming in future. Which media do you prefer for sharing information today? You may tick more than one? The pie cart indicated percentages which media prefer for sharing information, from the survey 23 percentages using text messaging. Then the author found people using mobile phone and chatting using internet to share information each same percentage is 22.15 percentages using forum to sharing information using discussion in forum. Whereas 11 percentages using email and small percentage 7 using others. More than half from the survey using internet to sharing information. The trends show people now move to digital media. Self Observation The author had decided to do observation on what occurs at the cinema. The cinema was at GSC Tropicana City. Upon arrival, the author went straight to the top floor right where the cinema is  ­and saw a huge crowd of people lining up their queue to buy tickets and another line was at the snacks counter. A lot of movies that were screening sold very fast could see numbers being reduced until 0. The night was quite packed with people mostly on weekends and it was Saturday that time. The author wouldnt have to worry because of already booked it earlier from the internet which was much easier than to wait in the line. The GSC has their own website and people can make reservations through online. The cinema looked very stylish now than since it was first opened. The tickets normally priced around RM6-15 according to types of seats and class of cinema. There are 8 cinema halls here and people can proceed inside the moment the light indicator within each number starts to blink. Public Observation When the author asked certain people about any local movies they dont quite respond fully for what it seems that its not really matter to them. They feel of the Malay movies is just trying playing it safe. It is irregular for certain people to go to the cinema just to watch any of the local movies nowadays. As lot people are really willing to see something new and not most of the Malay movies came up with a fulfilling storyline. Sometimes it also doesnt have the originality anymore for what theyre trying to sell. The acting and the story would be what everyone is always expecting to see. Friends usually tend to spread the news as they watch a trailer. One of the main sources for trailers is YouTube, a useful site to find and watch videos. Eventually everyone nowadays will know what they would like to watch from many source found in the internet. For finding a place to watch a movie can also be located from the newspapers as it is a daily reading source for information. Show times can be found there and are listed by any nearest local cinemas. People dont regularly go alone. They think what would be more enjoyable watching movies at the cinema is when they brought along some friends to watch together. It could be a comedy movie, thriller and even action packed movie. But almost all Malaysian people havent feel satisfied yet because of not having a lot Malaysian movies produced year by year. I just keep feeling like trying to compete on those foreign movies me and every other people regularly watch. The last time I watch Malay movie at cinema was on the 2008, a movie called Sumolah. I found good acts by the local actors such as Afdlin Shauki, Review on the positive and negative side of the movie. It was a good movie with a lot of effort and budgets that were put. I get to see Malaysian actors speak Japanese if I were not mista ken. They also get the chance to acknowledge the art of Sumo fighting and had a bit of comedy too. Maybe some of the filmmakers would not likely take a bigger risk that is why the production of a movie for each year becomes slower. Anyways, I am certain that we are still in progress of building up and Im sure one day we can all be proud to see greater screening from our own Malaysian itself in time. Literature Review PRINT VS DIGITAL: THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON MEDIA PUBLICATION In this stage, the author will cover secondary research from books and internet. Lately the technologies are moving faster and increase in various fields. It will change our lifestyle, as well the hot topics always debate which better print or digital media. In a survey conducted by Ofcom(2006) In every country surveyed, broadband usage appears linked to a decline in conventional television viewing. On average around one-third of consumers with broadband access said they watch less television since going online. Conversely, internet access appears to have a positive effect on radio listening, offsetting a decline in hours spent listening to conventional broadcast radio. On secondary research, the areas author will cover in this chapter are The future of book No one has asked the customers whether they prefer print materials or electronic media or other sources. Print publications should be changed into a form of digital media. The Future of Book Whether individuals express preference or aversion toward e-books, there are multiple reasons related to lifestyle preferences, as well as personal views on technologies, learning methods, and pleasure reading (Nielsen 2008) Based on the quote above, there are lot reasons why people toward reading e-books compare book. The problem with the e-book and traditional book debate is that e-books have evolved but common perceptions of them have not. E-book produce with bonus and you will get information that usually doesnt come with a book. For example such links will also make books No one has asked the customers whether they prefer print materials or electronic Media or other sources much easier to discover, by helping searchengines. As discussed by online magazine The from as link structures develop around books, search algorithms can count incoming links as votes, giving more weight to incoming links from much-cited places and less to obscure ones. The (offline) citation culture of academic literature already works this way. (The future of book: Mixed Media 2007 p.27). Other advantages reading e-book are involves learning through visual aspects. Embedded videos in e-books will might benefit to people with good visual memory. Figure 1: Book of Future Source: (diamondheadz.files.wordpress.com 2007) Now lifestyle more to digital life. We can see anywhere people online, everyone had digital stuff like mobile phone, PDA, ipod, computer. Technology allows to do many things, anywhere and anytime As mentioned by Rita(2008) in book.com forum, People who read e-books are typically electronics junkies. My point is they ALREADY have the device and its doing double or even triple duty already. Heres an interesting tidbit. E-books can be read on whatever the reader has on hand. For example computer, a PDA, a Blackberry or Palm Pilot even a phone. Rita (2008) added that In Japan, where people commute for long periods each day, sales of mobile-phone novels books that you download and read in instalments on the screen of your cell phone have jumped from nothing five years ago to over  ¥10 billion ($82m) a year today. In a interview by Joanna (2009) with Michael Pastore, he said E-BOOK give us the latest available information. Ebooks of the future, like software, will be featured with an option for automatic updates. So, for example, you can buy the 1.0 edition of my e-book about e-kamus, and if you turn on your update now button, you get a newer e-kamus edition with more new words or information, and a list of changes and additions. After all of the information collected please stop worrying about is it e-book will replace traditional book or not. We should be grateful with e-book can add new experience for learning or reading material. In fast increasing technology will help people make it everything fast. Authors opinion in future e-book will be efficient suitable to all generation, they feel comfortable use e-book. No One Has Asked The Customers Whether They Prefer Print Materials or Electronic Media Many marketers are pushing their customers toward electronic statements, e-newsletters, bills, and transactional statements as a green move, but in reality, it has more to do with economics. But while pushing e-communications as greener, has anyone bothered to ask what customers how they feel about it? (Tolliver-Nigro 2009) Based on the quote, the author try to find out either people fine with digital media or still stick with digital media. Perspective ( inspiredeconomist.com 2007) from business site on the survey it found that, while 71% of respondents always open email containing a monthly bill, this jumped to 92% of consumers who received statements by mail. Likewise, while 60% always open an email containing a bank statement, this jumps to 83% when the bank statement comes in the mail. Other researches the author sure people prefer digital because the number of people who read newspapers and magazines is growing. Of course, with few exceptions that growth is all digital. Take one example Pontin (2009) said Between 14 million and 22 million read nytimes.com every month; the print circulation of the weekday Times is just one million. In all, on any day, 32 million Americans read their news online. Those numbers suggest contented customers. Mainstream media in electronic publishing are good business. Figure 2: Chart of age group Source: (http://www.deathofprint.co.uk 2008) The young generation more prefer digital media compare print media, see the figure 2 from the BBC report the chart show there seems to be a generation gap in the use of or viewing of online and mobile video. It found that viewing of online video was popular among the 16-24 age group but the viewing of online video decreased as the age groups got older. In author opinions general trend the percentage of those age groups watching online video falls as the age gets older, it does rise again in him 65+ age group, a possible theory on this could be the fact that in general people of this age group have more time on their hands than some of the other age groups. The author opinions the trend of digital media becoming part of everyday life, people lives are now ingrained with technology from birth meaning that a lot of people especially the younger generation are very technologically savvy meaning that they are keeping up with the technological change. Print Publication Should Be Changed Into A Form of Digital Media Digital publication of e-books and electronic articles, and the development of digital libraries and catalogues are include in E-Publishing. Electronic (Jose 1999 p.5) publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed paper scientific journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. The author also knew that although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high speed access to a network. The advantages of electronic publishing are speed and integration. Jose (1999 , p.12) highlighted that the speed of distribution just the beginning. He added electronic publishing also gives publisher and readers more flexible management of the publications they are create. Nowdays the readers who are spending increasing daily hours online with or without having access to the digital version of your publication. Other (Jose 1999, p.6) benefits of print to digital publications are state by embedding video and interstitial ads, tracking the number of readers unique and repeat, growing your online ad inventory by serving IAB standard ads within and outside the digital publication pages, capturing user view and interaction data such as page views, clicks unique and repeat ,the ability to instantly share the E-magazine with friends or colleagues. The phenomenally low cost of publishing a digital magazine may be the knockout punch in the triumph of digital version over print version. Print publications have character digital publications may be the future (Hicks 2009). Hicks(2009) he also supported that Yes, but the print magazines have a certain endearing quality about them. For example a print magazine is finite, you can read it cover to cover. Hicks (2009) also added The vibrant colors are, in most cases, better than screen resolution of a laptop or a PC monitor. In fact there is an entire set of reader behaviours such as tearing out articles, dog-ears to mark pages, flipping the pages to scan the pictures and headlines etc. that continue to define the strong if dwindling relationship between the print publications and its readers. Flipping pages, for example, can be much quicker than going to as many web pages on a site, not to overlook the fact that you must be online. It is an example how you can do try print media changed into a form of digital media. This is probably simple step. Hickss (2009)mention once you have an account all it takes is to follow 3 easy steps: Upload the PDF; Configure your digital publication example provide a short description and select features you would like to enable; Click CONVERT. It takes just minutes and you will have a URL for your digital publication which you can forward to your friends, colleagues or just embed in your emails or website The authors opinion it digital publication no only easy step, also a lot advantages when print publication change to that. According (Hicks 2009) this is begin with the readers who are spending increasing daily hours online with or without having access to the digital version of your publication. CONCLUSION For many years the technology will changes common print publication to digital media. Technology will continue to develop digital publication. Yes, today young generation prefer use digital media compare print. As we have seen from the evidence in this research, there is certainly a trend towards the use of digital media, especially in everyday life. This however seems to be coming as a generalization from the younger age groups. The evidence of this is in the questionnaire and public observation the author done. The author achieve the objective to find out whether digital media will replace print media for future. Depend on situation, this may be different in the future digital media in general is still relatively expensive meaning people such as the poor will not be able to access digital media as well as traditional media where televisions can be bought relatively cheaply and where newspapers are cheap to read compared with the cost of buying a computer and having to pay for the cost of an internet connection every month. Based on the author did literature review,a lot advantages and disadvantages digital media in future. Hicks(2009) he also supported that Yes, but the print magazines have a certain endearing quality about them. For example a print magazine is finite, you can read it cover to cover. Hicks (2009) also added The vibrant colors are, in most cases, better than screen resolution of a laptop or a PC monitor. In fact there is an entire set of reader behaviours such as tearing out articles, dog-ears to mark pages, flipping the pages to scan the pictures and headlines etc. that continue to define the strong if dwindling relationship between the print publications and its readers. Overall research the author came to conclusion based on the information gathered from doing interviews,distributed questionnaire as well doing self and public observation. Conclusion from the author is technology make publication toward digital over print and more young people prefer it. The author agree in future digital media will replace print media. As we have seen from the evidence in this research the digital media spreading fast because of today digital gadget are devices are been introduced to help the audience to save time and got information easier. Also helper audience updated information. For example e-book have many benefits over simple printed material as common book. REFERENCES Books Jose, S 1998, Electronic Publishing Guide, Macmillan Computer Publishing USA. Internet Hickss, J 2009, Why every print publication should also be a digital publication. Retrieved October 7 2009 from http://education.ezineseeker.com/why-every-print-publication-should-also-be-a-digital-publication-3a455d42ce.html Nielsen, E 2008, The Future of Books: Mixed Media and Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://education.ezineseeker.com/the-future-of-books-mixed-media-and-multiple-intelligences-13b392b625.htmlhttp://education.ezineseeker.com/the-future-of-books-mixed-media-and-multiple-intelligences-13b392b625.html Tolliver-Nigro, H 2009. Print vs. Electronic Media: Has Anyone Asked Customers What THEY Prefer?Retrieved October 5 2009 http://inspiredeconomist.com/2009/09/20/print-vs-electronic-media-has-anyone-asked-customers-what-they-prefer/ Images Book Of Future [Image]2007. Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://diamondheadz.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/the-future-of-books.jpg Death of print [Image]2008 .Retrieved October 5 2009 from http://www.deathofprint.co.uk/digitalife.html Bibliography Daniel T.(2009 ) News has a bright future [Internet].Available from http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10196386-93.html.[Accessed 10 September 2009] Ed C,Paul DS,Michael G,David R .(2000) Print versus Electronic Media: The threat to newspapers and Newsprint[Internet]. Available from http://www.sric-bi.com/DF/oldMFsummaries/PrintToC.shtm.[Accessed 10 September 2009] J D. (2005) Digital versus print media [Internet].Available from http://www.iproceed.com/blog [Accessed 1 September 2009] Jeff V.(2007) The Digital Media Revolution: Chaos, or a Nesw Order? [Internet]. Available from http://www.visioncritical.com/2009/10/the-digital-media-revolution-chaos-or-a-new-order .[Accessed 10 September 2009]. Lithospheres Print Production Process [Internet]. Available from http://www.lithosphere.co.uk/content/process.htm [Accessed 3 October 2009] Scoot L.(2008) .No News is Bad News: The Future of Print Media[Internet]. Available from http://www.psfk.com/2008/12/no-news-is-bad-news-the-future-of-print-media.html [Accessed 25 September 2009] Scott K.( 2008).Future Of Digital Media: Perfecting Existing Technologies For People On The Web[Internet].Available from http://publishing2.com/2008/01/15/future-of-digital-media-perfecting-existing-technologies-for-people-on-the-web [Accessed 25 September]. Video: Bright future for print media? [Internet]. Available from http://vodpod.com/watch/1835455-video-bright-future-for-print-media [Accessed 15 September 2009] Video:Future Of Paper and Print Media in Digital Online World [Internet]. Available from http://www.howcast.com/videos/21071-Future-Of-Paper-and-Print-Media-in-Digital-Online-World.[Accessed 15 September 2009]

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows

Design of a Hall Probe Pressure Transmitter using Bellows as Sensor R. Sarkar, Animesh Ghosh, Lipika Ghosh and N. Mandal Asansol Engineering College Vivekananda Sarani, Kanyapur, Asansol-713305 E-mail: [email  protected] com, ghoshanimesh. [email  protected] com, [email  protected] com Abstract: Bellows, an elastic type pressure sensor is generally used as a local indicator. To transmit the signal of bellows to a remote distance some technique is needed.In the present paper a Hall probe sensor has been used to convert the bellows movement into voltage signal which can be converted into 4 – 20 mA current signal and transmitted to a remote indicator. It has been observed that the transducer and transmitter outputs against pressure have a very good linearity and repeatability. The necessary theoretical equations along with experimental results are reported in the paper. Keywords: pressure measurement, bellows, Pressure transmitter, Magnet, Hall Probe. I. INTRODUCTION Pressu re is an important measuring and controlling technical parameter during industrial production process.In order to operate industrial production well, pressure should be accurately measured and controlled. Pressure can be measured in terms of absolute or gauge. The absolute pressure can be measured in terms of height of a liquid column in a manometer whereas the gauge pressure is measured by different types of sensors [1-4]. As for example bourdon tube, diaphragm, capsule, bellow element etc. operate as primary sensing elements for measuring positive or negative gauge pressure. The sensors like strain gauge, piezoresistance, LVDT, capacitive element, inductive element etc. ct as secondary sensors to measure positive or negative gauge pressure. The negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure can also be measured by many other sensors like pirani gauge, ionization gauge, McLeod gauge etc. In industrial application it is required to transmit the measured pressure to a remote distance. He nce in a pressure transmitter, the change of sensor parameter due to the change of fluid pressure is converted into an electric or pneumatic signal by using a suitable transducer and that signal after amplification is transmitted to a remote receiver.Thus the pressure transducer is a vital part of any pressure transmitter and its performance determines the reliability of operation of the transmitter. Many works on development of reliable pressure transducer are still being reported by different groups of workers. B. Raveendran et al. [5] have designed and developed a MEMS based wireless modular pressure transmitter. A Bourdon tube based pressure transmitter unit using an improved inductance bridge network has been studied by S. C. Bera et al. [6]. Y. Ruan et al. 7] have developed a multipoint wireless pressure transmitting system composed of pressure sensor PTB203, A/D converter ADC0804, MCU STC89C52, wireless communication module CC1101, receiver module STC89C52, CC1101 and display module LCD1602. Zeng Mingru et al. [8] have developed a HART Protocol based intelligent pressure transmitter which is compatible with both analog and digital signals. K. Subramanian et al. [9] have developed MEMS type capacitive pressure sensor with sensitivity of the order of few fF/ kPa. Universal frequency to digital converter (UDFC) technique has been used by S.Y. Yurish [10] to develop an intelligent digital pressure transducer. A multiplexed frequency transmitter technique has been used by R. Vrba et al. [11] to design a reliable pressure transducer using ceramic diaphragm. In the present paper, a hall probe based pressure measurement technique has been developed. In this technique a permanent magnet is placed on the tip of the bellows with the Hall probe sensor on the top of the outside fitting of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The movement of the bellows tip is measured by a hall probe sensor.With the change of pressure the distance between magnet and the hall sensor d ecreases and so the magnetic intensity at the sensor increases. The Hall sensor senses this increase of magnetic field intensity and accordingly its output voltage increases with the increase of pressure. This signal is nonlinearly related with the movement of float. But for very small movement of the bellows this voltage will be almost linear. The experimental results are reported in the paper. The block diagram of the proposed transducer is shown in Fig. 1. Necessary athematical equations have been derived to explain the theory of operation of the transducer as well as transmitter. A prototype unit along with the signal conditioner has been designed and fabricated. The experiments have been performed to find out the static characteristics of the sensor, transducer and transmitter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. A very good linearity and repeatability of results with adjustable sensitivity of the transducer has been observed. [pic] Fig. 1: Diagram of the propos ed transducer along with float and hall probe sensorII. METHOD OF APPROACH In the present paper the pressure is sensed by a bellows. A magnet is placed on the top of the bellows. And the hall probe on the bellows chamber. The float movement of the bellows is converted into voltage by a hall probe sensor. Output voltage is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier INA101 and then converted into 4-20 mA current signal using signal conditioning circuit. This signal is then transmitted to remote station with negligible loss. Let the pressure is [pic] and the corresponding height of the bellows tip from reference is [pic].In bellows the height of the tip is proportional to pressure and is written as [pic](1) where [pic] is the constant Now the distance of the hall probe from the magnet is [pic](2) where [pic] is the total length of the hall probe from reference. In the present work the magnet is selected to be a circular permanent magnet. Let the radius and width of the magnet be ‘ [pic]’ and‘[pic]’ respectively. Hence magnetic field at the hall probe due to magnet is [pic](3) where [pic] is the constant depending on the pole strength of the magnet, its radius and permeability of air which are all constants.Since [pic] equation (3) is reduced to [pic] (4) [pic](5) The above equation is equally true for very low pressure also. Since at low pressure [pic], so equation (5) is reduced to [pic] (6) Now the output hall voltage [pic] of the hall sensor is proportional to [pic] if the current passing through the sensor be kept constant and hence it is given by [pic](7) where [pic] is the constant of proportionality. Hence from equations (5) & (7) [pic] (8) or, [pic](9) where [pic] is another constant. Therefore from equations (1), (8) and (9), the output from hall probe is given by [pic](10) pic] (11) [pic](12) Therefore output is linearly related with pressure. III. DESIGN In the present design a cylindrical permanent magnet is selected of inner r adius [pic], depth [pic], width [pic]. In our present design, [pic]. The output of hall sensor is amplified by INA101 based instrumentation amplifier. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier is set by external resistor R1. This output signal is first converted into amplified voltage signal [pic]in the range 1-5 volt D. C. and then into current signal[pic] in the range 4-20mA D. C. y a signal conditioner circuit as shown in Fig. 2. After calibration the output of the transmitter becomes 4mA when [pic]is 1 volt and pressure[pic]is zero psig and 20mA when [pic]is 5 volt and pressure[pic]is at maximum range [pic]of the bellows. Hence the transmitter voltage output[pic] in volt and current output[pic]in mA may be written as, [pic] (13) and [pic] (14) From (13) and (14), [pic] (15) where [pic]and [pic](16) [pic] Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed pressure transmitter using bellows element as sensing device pic] Fig. 3: Circuit diagram of hall probe based pressure indicator IV. EXPERI MENT The experiment is performed in two steps. In the first step, the proposed transducer was designed, fabricated and mounted on the outside cover of bellows chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The bellows with the above sensor was first fitted with a dead weight tester and the dead weight of the dead weight tester was increased in steps and in each step the Hall voltage output is measured and the characteristics of the hall sensor based transducer unit is determined.The characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure is shown in Fig. 4. Experiment was repeated both in increasing and decreasing modes for several times and the standard deviation curve for six observations is shown in Fig. 6. In the second step the output of the pressure transmitter is taken in terms of current signal and he characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. [pic] Fig. 4: Characteristic graph obtained by plotting Hall voltage against Pressure [pic] Fig. 5: Percentage deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic]Fig. 6: Standard Deviation Curve of the Hall Probe based Pressure Transducer [pic] Fig. 7: Characteristic graph of hall probe based pressure transmitter V. DISCUSSION The characteristic of hall probe sensor is nonlinear in nature. But change of hall probe voltage is quite linear as shown in Fig. 4. The linear nature of the curve is due to the fact that the movement of the tip of the bellows for the entire pressure range is generally very small and hall probe voltage due to small change of distance between hall probe and magnet lies almost in the linear zone.The percentage deviation curves from linearity as shown in Fig 5 also indicate that the percentage deviation from linearity also lies within the tolerable limit. A very good repeatability of the experimental data was also observed as shown by the standard deviation curves in Figs. 6. The characteristic of the whole transmitter is almost linear as shown in Fig 7. The design of the system is very sim ple and the hall probe & the permanent magnet are now available at a very low cost. Hence the cost of the pressure transmitter will be low. References: 1] J. P. Bentley, Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd ed. Longman Singapore Publishers (pvt) Ltd. , Singapore, 1995. 2] E. O. Doeblin, Measurement System Application and Design, 4th ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. 3] B. G. Liptak, Process Measurement and Analysis, 3rd ed. , U. K. Butterworth Heinman, Oxford, 1999. 4] D. M. Considine, Process Instruments and Control Hand Book, 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974. 5] Raveendran, B. ; Subhash, K. M. â€Å"Design of modular pressure transmitter with wireless capability† IEEE Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012, pp 1 – 3 6] Bera, S. C. ; Mandal, N. ; Sarkar, R. â€Å"Study of a Pressure Transmitter Using an Improved Inductance Bridge Network and Bourdon Tube as Transducer† IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measureme nt, Vol 60 , Issue 4 , Year: 2011 , pp 1453 – 1460 7] Yaocan Ruan; Minghao He; Shuran Song; Tiansheng Hong â€Å"Multipoint wireless pressure detecting system† 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2011 IEEE Conference, 2011 , PP 4091 – 4094 8] Zeng Mingru; You Wentang; Qian Xin , â€Å"The development of intelligent pressure transmitter based on HART Protocol† IEEE Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Eco systems and Technologies (EDT), Vol. , 2010 , pp 121 – 124 9] Kanakasabapathi Subramanian, Jeffrey B. Fortin, and Kuna Kishore, â€Å"Scalable vertical diaphragm pressure sensors: device and process design, design for packaging† IEEE Sensors Journal. , vol. 6, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 618-622 10] S. Y. Yurish, â€Å"Intelligent digital pressure sensors and transducers based on universal frequency-to-digital converters† (UFDC-1), Sensors & Transducers Journal. , vol. 60, no. 10, October 2005, pp. 432-438. 11] Radimir Vrba, Miroslav Sveda and Karel Marecek, â€Å"Pressure transducer with multiplexed frequency transmitter†, Slconi04 – Seoron for industry Conference, New Orleans, Louisiaiib, USA, 27th -29th January, 2004, pp. 07-10.

Book Review Matilda Essay

I. Type Of Story Matilda is a children’s novel by British author Roald Dahl. It was published in 1988 by Jonathan Cape in London, with illustrations by Quentin Blake. The story is about Matilda Wormwood, an extraordinary child with ordinary and rather unpleasant parents, who are contemptuous of their daughter’s prodigious talents. Matilda was adapted into a film in 1996, a two-part adaptation for BBC Radio 4 (later re-broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra) starring Nicola McAuliffe as Matilda and narrated by Lenny Henry and a musical in 2010. Matilda is an excellent book by the famous author, Roald Dahl, who also wrote â€Å"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory†, â€Å"James and the Giant Peach†, and â€Å"The Twits†. Matilda is on the Premiers reading challenge and its ID is 252. It is about a young girl called Matilda, who is five years old and she can multiply enormous numbers like nineteen times fourteen, read adult novels like â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens and many more amazing things, she even has special magic powers. Unfortunately for Matilda her mother and father underestimate her, treating her like a scab. The children hating head mistress is even worse, she believes her parents, disbelieves Miss Honey, refuses to put Matilda in year six where she belongs and denies being a child once herself. Read this book to see how Matilda and Miss Honey get rid of the foul Miss Trunchbull. III. Introduction The parents of the five-year-old Matilda Wormwood have no interest in their daughter, but if they did, they would have discovered that she is incredibly gifted. A child prodigy, Matilda taught herself to read at three years old, though the only actual books in the house were a cookbook and magazines. When she asks for a real book for herself, her father rudely turns her down and tells her to watch television instead. In spite of this, Matilda looks up the address of the local library, where she finishes all the children’s books within a short time, thus leaving her to read adult novels, which she really enjoys. The librarian gives Matilda her own library card, and she is able to borrow books to read at home. II. Characters Matilda Wormwood is the main character in the story, and of the Matilda characters she is (by far) the most likable. At the beginning of the novel, we are introduced to Matilda as a 4 1/2-years old who possesses an intellect far above her years. Dahl even goes so far as to describe her as a â€Å"child-genius and prodigy.† (p. 75) Matilda loves to read even though her parents refuse to allow any books in the house – instead preferring that she and her brother simply watch the television. Later in the story, it is revealed that Matilda also possesses the powers of psychokinesis (the ability to move things with her mind) and it is implied that these powers are a result of the repressed anger she feels toward her parents and Headmistress who vacillate between ignoring and belittling her. By the time Matilda enters Crunchem Hall Primary School she is 5 1/2-years old. Michael Wormwood is Matilda’s older brother. Although he does not posses the same level of intellect or ability as his sister, he is clearly the favorite in the Wormwood household. Mrs. Phelps is the local librarian who encourages Matilda’s love of reading. Mr. Harry Wormwood is Matilda’s father. Harry is also a used car dealer, and right from the start of the book we learn that he is a dishonest business man. He puts sawdust in his customers’ cars to make them sound better and runs the cars backward to turn back the mileage counters. Instead of praising his daughter for her abilities, he constantly tells her that she is â€Å"ignorant and stupid.† (p. 29) In fact, when Matilda correctly adds several large sums in her head and presents the answer to her father, he calls her a â€Å"cheat and a liar.† (p. 55) Mrs. Wormwood , Matilda’s mother, is described as a â€Å"large woman whose hair was dyed platinum blonde except where you could see the mousy-brown bits growing out from the roots.† (p. 27) She also â€Å"wore heavy make-up and had one of those unfortunate bulging figures where the flesh appears to be strapped in all around the body to prevent it from falling out.† (p. 27) Mrs. Wormwood’s only interests are watching American soap-operas and playing Bingo every day. Like her husband, Mrs. Wormwood thinks very little of her daughter’s unique abilities and often berates her. Fred is the young neighbor boy who lends Matilda his pet parrot. Matilda later uses the parrot to play a prank on her family. Miss Jennifer Honey is Matilda’s teacher at Crunchem Hall Primary School. Miss Honey is young, pretty, mild-mannered and â€Å"possessed that rare gift for being adored by every small child under her care.† (p. 67) Later in the story, she becomes a great advocate for Matilda. Miss Truchbull is undoubtedly the most colorful in the cast of Matilda characters. The Headmistress at Crunchem Hall Primary School, Miss Trunchbull serves as the â€Å"head teacher, the boss and the supreme commander† (p. 66) who â€Å"insists on strict discipline throughout the school.† (p. 69) Dahl also describes her as a â€Å"gigantic holy terror, a fierce tyrannical monster who frightened the life out of the pupils and teachers alike† (p. 67) who â€Å"hardly ever spoke in a normal voice.† (p. 85) Instead, he says she â€Å"barked or shouted.† (p. 85) Miss Trunchbull’s favorite form of punishment is to send students to the â€Å"Chocky,† which is a â€Å"very tall but very narrow cupboard† that has a floor â€Å"only ten inches square so you can’t sit down or squat in it† – forcing one to stand, instead. Furthermore, â€Å"three of the walls are made of cement with bits of broken glass sticking out all over, so you can’t lean against them.† Leaning against the door is also impossible, because it has â€Å"thousands of sharp spikey nails sticking out of it.† (p. 104) Much later in the book, we learn that Miss Trunchbull is also Miss Honey’s aunt Agatha. Lavender, Nigel, Ruper, Eric, Wilfred and Hortensia are Matilda’s friends and classmates at Crunchem Hall Primary School. Amanda Thripp is another classmate. She makes the mistake of coming to school wearing her hair in pigtails. Miss Trunchbull despises pigtails, and so she uses them to pick Amanda up. Using her Olympic hammer training, Miss Trunchbull swings Amanda around over-head and throws her clear across the school yard fence. Luckily, she â€Å"landed on the grass and bounced three times and finally came to rest.† (p. 116) Bruce Bogtrotter is yet another of Matilda’s classmates who suffers under Miss Trunchbull. This 11-year old boy commits the crime of sneaking a piece of the Headmistresses’ â€Å"special† chocolate cake. During his confession, Bruce admits that he found the cake, baked by the school’s cook, to be â€Å"very good.† (pp. 122-123) As his punishment, Bruce is forced to eat every last bite of a duplicate cake which was â€Å"fully eighteen inches in diameter† and â€Å"covered with dark-brown chocolate icing.† (p. 124) Mr. Trilby is the Deputy Head of the school who, at the end of the book, is appointed Head Teacher in Miss Trunchbull’s place. Miss Plimsoll is Matilda’s teacher once she is moved to a higher grade at the school.

The Thirteenth Amendment To The U.S. Constitution Declares

The thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declares that â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† Many people believe that because of the thirteenth Amendment, slavery has ended. Many of you probably believe that. There are approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Human trafficking is immoral, destroys communities and robs the innocence of children. Human trafficking has been in existence for thousands of years. From the ancient Greek and Romans to the medieval times, and up until today. Ancient Egypt, for example,†¦show more content†¦The traffickers would act as a parent figure and these girls/boys would become attached to the trafficker because he has become their definition of a parent. Because of the fact that so many individuals wish for a better life, they are easily tricked by other people who are promising them just that. As we discussed, traffickers lure victims with many methods, but why? Why are there around 20 to 30 million slaves today? Human trafficking is separated into two categories; sex trafficking or labor trafficking. Despite this, both sex trafficking and labor trafficking have the same reasons for existing. As you can probably predict, money is a big factor on why people are trafficked. Human trafficking is the fastest growing and second largest criminal industry in the world, after drug trafficking. The human trafficking industry makes a profit of about $150 billion per year, according to the International Labour Organization. Another reason for its widespread presence could be the belief that there is a very low risk that these traffickers would ever get caught. This false sense of security encourages these criminals to continue in their crimes. Political instability and civil war are also major factors of human trafficking. People flee their countries hoping for a better life, which clouds their judgment and that makes it incredibly easy for them to be recruited. After discussing the methods traffickers use to lure their victims andShow MoreRelatedThe Powers Of The National Government1570 Words   |  7 Pages2. 1. (a) Article I section 1 declares: â€Å"all legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the united states....† thus, co ngress is the lawmaking branch of the national government. Article II, section 1 declares: â€Å"the executive power shall be vested in a president of the united states of America.† thus, the president is given the law-executing, law enforcing, and law-administering powers of the national government. 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