Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film

Ruler of the Flies Essay Did Brooks’ film precisely pass on the first significance of Golding's tale? William Golding, a strikingly gifted essayist, made this charming ageless great, Lord of the Flies. The novel’s one of a kind and strange style produced a deluge of intrigue. Indeed, even today, over 30 years after the fact, debilitating analysis’ of his novel are being endeavored. I saw this novel as remarkable. It is flooding with unpretentious yet significant importance and realities about people. It is nitty gritty, and contains unpredictably and unequivocally created characters and connections. The imagery in the story is intriguing and broad. This is the reason this novel is such a test to consolidate into an hour and a half film. One of the most significant subjects in the novel is abhorrent, and the appearance of dread and beasts because of the youthful boy’s unavoidable abhorrence inside. The young men on the island are cut off from human advancement and they’re frightened, along these lines they create a beast, a â€Å"beastie,† to legitimize their feelings of trepidation. In the novel a clever proposal is made by Simon, â€Å" ‘What I mean is... Possibly it’s just us.’... Simon got awkward in his endeavors to communicate mankind’s fundamental illness.† (p.89) The topic of inward fiendishness turns out to be progressively apparent as it is additionally evolved in the novel. Simon has a â€Å"conversation† with The Lord of the Flies (the pig’s head) that is vital to the story; reality with regards to the young men rises. â€Å"There isn’t anybody to support you. Just me. Also, I’m the Beast... Extravagant reasoning the Beast was something you could chase and kill!... You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the motivation behind why it’s no go? Why things are the way they are?’† (p.142) However in the film, the topic of an indication of malice isn’t clear, and the Lord of the Flies scene was forgotten about. For me the most intriguing and provocative character in the novel is Simon. In... Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film Free Essays on Lord Of The Flies Book Vs Film Master of the Flies Essay Did Brooks’ film precisely pass on the first significance of Golding's epic? William Golding, an amazingly gifted essayist, made this captivating immortal exemplary, Lord of the Flies. The novel’s one of a kind and strange style created a downpour of intrigue. Indeed, even today, over 30 years after the fact, debilitating analysis’ of his novel are being endeavored. I saw this novel as unprecedented. It is flooding with unpretentious yet significant importance and certainties about people. It is point by point, and contains unpredictably and firmly created characters and connections. The imagery in the story is intriguing and broad. This is the reason this novel is such a test to gather into an hour and a half film. One of the most significant subjects in the novel is insidious, and the indication of dread and beasts because of the youthful boy’s unavoidable insidiousness inside. The young men on the island are cut off from human advancement and they’re frightened, in this manner they manufacture a beast, a â€Å"beastie,† to legitimize their feelings of trepidation. In the novel a keen proposal is made by Simon, â€Å" ‘What I mean is... Perhaps it’s just us.’... Simon got awkward in his endeavors to communicate mankind’s basic illness.† (p.89) The topic of internal insidiousness turns out to be progressively clear as it is additionally evolved in the novel. Simon has a â€Å"conversation† with The Lord of the Flies (the pig’s head) that is vital to the story; reality with regards to the young men rises. â€Å"There isn’t anybody to support you. Just me. What's more, I’m the Beast... Extravagant reasoning the Be ast was something you could chase and kill!... You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the motivation behind why it’s no go? Why things are the way they are?’† (p.142) However in the film, the subject of an indication of abhorrence isn’t clear, and the Lord of the Flies scene was forgotten about. For me the most fascinating and intriguing character in the novel is Simon. In...

Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geography - Assignment Example Strict gap then again appear to differ with thought of a great many years and crush it to before six days of creation (Dawkins. 2012). Having experienced this for a considerable length of time I will in general concur with the researcher. â€Å"Young Earthers,† are overlooking the mind-boggling â€Å"scientific† proof for an old Earth. It is sure that both the researcher and men of religion do concede to the account of Noah and the curve (Dawkins. 2012). The researcher at that point proceeded to consider the result that such a fiasco may have left on the outside of the earth. Since the flood took place it more likely than not left a few consequences for the outside of the earth. This contention is so convincing in light of the fact that taking a gander at a huge number of long periods of disintegration at Colorado River the Grand Canyon was framed and such movement probably occurred during Noah’s flood (Dawkins. 2012). Numerous geologists, who are Christian and non-Christian, have taken a gander at the a huge number of feet of rock layers and fossils worldwide have basically accepted that the Flood didn’t produce them (Dawkins. 2012). They felt free to design speculations that those stone layers and fossils shaped quite a while in the past before we appeared. We can’t overlook the way that worldwide, year-long, disastrous Flood happened at the hour of Noah. We can say this with without question in view of the authority of the chronicled record in the book Genesis. Such a fiasco must have subsequently left a monstrous measure of geographical proof (Dawkins. 2012). Since the flood occurred it more likely than not covered both vegetation and animals and as water subside back they probably dissolved a significant number of the dregs set down in the principal half of the Flood and redeposit them somewhere else (Dawkins. 2012). As we take a gander at the a huge number of feet of rock layers and fossils overall most likely Flood could have created them. On the off chance that such an occasion was to happen today, it will be naã ¯ve for us to imagine that no topographical highlights will result from it. To

Delusion as a Drug or Mental Illness Effect

Delusion as a Drug or Mental Illness Effect Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Types of Delusions From Drugs or Mental Illness By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 21, 2019 People Images/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery What is a delusion? A delusion is a belief that is not based on reality. While many people within the same culture may share beliefs that are not proven and that may even seem implausible to people outside of that culture, delusions are incorrect beliefs that are not shared by other people of the same culture and seem to others to have no basis in reality. Along with hallucinations, delusions are a key symptom of psychosis. Delusions can also be an effect of such drugs as LSD, cocaine, crystal meth and other amphetamines. Delusions are a somewhat controversial phenomenon, given that beliefs are highly individual and are often based on opinion and misinformation, as much as on fact and direct experience. Many of the delusions that people with psychosis or people affected by psychoactive drugs experience have some basis in reality or cannot actually be disproved. What makes delusions different from ordinary inaccurate beliefs is the extent to which they are removed from reality and the intensity with which they affect the person having the delusion. Delusions are quite a serious problem and can lead people to trouble unpredictably. Therefore, it is important that anyone who is developing delusions seek medical help as soon as possible. Dont worry about getting into trouble if your delusions started after taking drugs. The doctor is only interested in your mental and physical health, and will not report what you tell him or her to anyone else unless there is an imminent risk of harm to yourself or someone else. But to help you properly, the doctor needs to know how the delusion started. There are certain types of delusions that commonly occur: Delusions of Grandeur People who have delusions of grandeur believe they are special and more important than other people. While one persons importance can be greater than others in certain situations - for example, most people would agree that a visiting celebrity is the most important person at an event - delusions of grandeur cause the person to think they are more important than others, even when there is no particular reason or objective evidence for it. Sometimes, the delusional person believes he is a famous person or that he has a special relationship with a famous person. Grandiosity can be an effect of some psychoactive drugs, most notably cocaine and crystal meth. This crosses over into delusion if the person is unable to see himself objectively, and develops an exaggerated sense of his importance, specialness or self-worth. Sometimes, the delusion is in stark contrast with the reality of the way the person is perceived by others. Persecutory Delusions Often called paranoid delusions, people having persecutory delusions believe that others are acting against them. This can range from thinking that other people are thinking negative thoughts about them to believing that others are plotting against them or trying to kill them. Having persecutory delusions about the medical profession can make it especially difficult for people having delusions to seek help. It requires courage to trust that a doctor or therapist will really help you if you believe they are not acting in your best interests. Well-trained professionals understand this difficulty and will do their best to reassure you that they do, in fact, want to help you get better. Relationship Delusions There are several types of delusions involving relationships. Some people develop delusions that someone, often a famous person, is in love with them. Others become convinced that their partner is being unfaithful. It can become very confusing for someone having these delusions to make sense of their relationships, and it can be upsetting for partners. Of course, some partners who are actually being unfaithful will accuse a partner of being delusional, when they are in fact correct in their suspicions. This is known as gaslighting, and it is particularly difficult for someone with a history of delusions to cope with. Somatic Delusions A whole range of delusions involving imagined diseases or defects can be experienced. They can range from believing you are ugly when you are not, to believing you are riddled with disease or parasites. These delusions are extremely unpleasant and may be accompanied by tactile or visual hallucinations that seem to prove the delusion to be true. A common delusion that people who are high on meth experience are the belief that there are bugs crawling all over their bodies or even under their skin. They may scratch and pick at their skin in an effort to rid themselves of these imagined parasites. Often, this results in unsightly scabs, sores, and scarring.

Procurement and Sourcing Contribution to Supply Chain...

Project Report On PROCUREMENT AND SOURCING: Contribution to the supply chain Submitted By Zohaib Rauf (Reg. :MBA -13409) Hasnain Haider (Reg. :MBA -5871) Supervisor Dr. Masood JANUARY 20, 2009 For the subject: Supply Chain Management Class ID: 5055 Timings: Monday / Thursday 3-6 pm 1|P a ge Letter of Transmittal July 8th, 2009 Dr. Masood, Project Supervisor, Iqra University Dear Sir: We are submitting our report on â€Å"Procurement and sourcing: contribution to the supply chain management†. As per your advice, the report includes brief understanding of the subject in light to what is being presented by us. I am grateful for your guidance and supervision without which this report could have not been†¦show more content†¦12 2.0 Industrial vs. consumer markets ................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Industrial Buying Behavior ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Buying Process .................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.1 Buy-grid Model ............................................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Buying Center ................................................................ ..................................................... 19 2.1.2.1 Dimensions of the Buying Center.................................................................................. 20 2.1.2.2 Roles in the Buying Center............................................................................................ 21 2.1.2.3 Influence in the Buying Center ..................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Factors Affecting the Buying Process and the Buying Center ............................................... 23 2.2 Industrial Services ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Maintenance, Repair, and Operation ServicesShow MoreRelated1.1 Explain the Importance of Effective Supply Chain Management in Achieving Your Organizational Objectives.1528 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain the importance of effective supply chain management in achieving your organizationa l objectives. Supply Chain Management as defined as Maximising added value and reducing total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and certainty of response to the market†. Competitive Edge through Core Competencies Todays business climate has rapidly changed and has become more competitive as ever in nature. Businesses now not only need to operate at a lower cost toRead MoreIndia s Largest Institute For Supply Chain Management Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesInstitute for Supply Management, INDIA (ISM-INDIA) situated in Gurgaon (Delhi-NCR), which have many chapters in major, cities of India. ISM-INDIA is affiliated to Institute for supply management in the USA which is the world’s largest institute for supply chain management. The main aim of cooperation is to provide opportunities for the promotion of supply management professions and expansion of skills and knowledge of professionals. ISM-INDIA works with many MNC’s, major companies and public sectorRead MoreStrategic Procurement Operation, Purchasing Strategies, Integrated Corporate Strategy3376 Words   |  14 Pages A PROACTIVE STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT OPERATION, PURCHASING STRATEGIES, INTEGRATED CORPORATE STRATEGY ASSIGNMENT 2 Student Number @00413426 February 2015 Table of content 1. Abstract 3 2. Chapter One: Procurement, Strategic Procurement and Corporate Strategy 4 3. Procurement functions- competitive advantages 7 4. Procurement functions- Reducing Waste in Value Chain 9 5. Chapter Three: Integration of Purchasing strategies with corporate strategy 11 6. Reasons for theRead MoreProcurement And Procurement Of Procurement1628 Words   |  7 PagesProcurement is also referred to as the sourcing and purchasing of goods and services for commercial purposes. Every decision unit, be it a farmer or a firm, sets procurement policies that govern its choice of suppliers, products, and the methods and procedures of buying. Depending upon the size of the decision unit and the complexity and level of formality of the agribusiness concern, procurement practices are evolved in various segments. At the farm level, sourcing decisions to many inputs and servicesRead MoreRoles of Information Technology in Purchasing8283 Words   |  34 PagesChapter 3 Purchasing and e-Procurement 3.1 The Role of Purchasing 3.1.1 Introduction to purchasing The role of purchasing is to obtain raw material, components, parts, as well as information that are needed for the production of goods or providing services. The purchasing process includes many aspects, such as request for quotation (RFQ), supplier market analysis, supplier selection, contract negotiations, and purchase plan implementation. The purchase function plays a liaison role between variousRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation2881 Words   |  12 Pagesarise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage by reducing waste in the value chain. Purchasing strategies, however cannot be developed in isolation, they need to be integrated with corporate strategy to succeed? ( Peter Baily et al 2015). Procurement was considered to be an add-on service in the past, but there isRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3331 Words   |  14 Pagesarise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage by reducing waste in the value chain. Purchasing strategies, however cannot be developed in isolation, they need to be integrated with corporate strategy to succeed? ( Peter Baily et al 2015). Procurement was considered to be an add-on service in the past, but there isRead MoreStrategic Sourcing5376 Words   |  22 Pageslogistical chain that must be in place to bring this pro-typical chocolate to you. It may not be immediately apparent to the Cadbury buyer that the ingredients have travelled from other parts of the world. [pic] Figure 1. A complex and diverse supply chain of Cadbury Chocolate Bars The processes involved in making Cadbury Dairy Fruit Nut, at the factory in Bournville in the United Kingdom, give a good illustration of how strategic sourcing is applied in Cadbury supply chain. Read MoreTrends in Procurement Scm4917 Words   |  20 PagesTRENDS IN PROCURENENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1. Introduction Procurement and Supply Chain Management (PSCM) presents the new paradigm in strategic and operational business management for the 21stcentury. By offering a cooperative and integrated model of the value-creation process in a cross-organizational perspective, it also places new challenges on business management methods and instruments used, in theory as in practice. In the field of materials management, the new PSCM perspectiveRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3034 Words   |  13 Pagesforward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. Procurement in the past was not seen as very important but in the recent times the strategic role of procurement, purchasing and supply has experienced a significant growth. The fact that a proactive strategic procurement operation can give the organisation it represents a competitive advantage is a true fact. There is a need for procurement to be integrated with corporate strategy of the organisation

The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) Essays

The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) ABSTRACT For years, extreme sports had little to nothing in common with each other except for high risk, and an appeal to women and men from the ages of 12 to 34. Entertainment Sports Programming Network (ESPN), realizing this age group was a prime viewing audience, brought together several extreme sports and created yet another commercialized sporting spectacle. Since 1995, this television network has produced the Summer X Games. After these summer productions proved to be successful television and live spectator events, ESPN expanded into the winter extreme sports. The Winter X Games have been produced since 1997. This paper, which commences with the rise of extreme sports, is†¦show more content†¦The X Generation, considered by some as less mainstream than preceding generations of youth, has been swept away with a relatively new type of non-traditional sporting activity that is referred to as extreme sports (Reitman, 1999). This is a high thrills, dare devil, real life sporting ac tivity for enthusiasts who are willing to go to the edge of athletic participation and sometimes beyond. The creation and evolution of the X Games were a carefully orchestrated chain of events. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the conditions involved in the formation and growth of the X Games. The major factors that have contributed to the biannual successes of the X Games have been the close connection of ESPN with the X Games, the involvement of corporate sponsorship, and the site choices and intense bidding by cities to serve as host sites. This article includes both key factor analyses and a historiographic examination of this extreme sporting phenomenon. HISTORICAL CLIMATE The Summer and Winter ESPN X Games are a commercialization of these extreme sports. With the X Games, ESPN had assessed what it took to be the†¦in-your-face persona of Generation X and assembled a scaffolding of events that made it all marketable (White, 1997)1. 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Team Work Free Essays

HECS 1100 Learning Together, Working Together| Learning Set Assessment Task | By Jodie Brown, Carole Fawcett, Debbie Fairhurst, Helena Judge, Helena Bonallie and Hannah Crowther| [Pick the date] | Learning Set Poster Assessment Task Within the Learning Together Working Together tutorials we were assigned to a group and given the task of designing an A4 poster which communicated information to a specific target group. The project the group chose was an A4 poster on ‘Recognising stress in carers’ aimed at carers. The group interpreted the brief as non-paid carers having someone dependent upon them such as a mother caring for her baby or a young person caring for an elderly relative. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The group originally chose the project on respect towards older people aimed at 15-19 year olds however, following a group discussion decided to change the project to recognising stress in carers. This was because the group felt that the carers topic was currently highlighted in the media and there was a large volume of literature available from a variety of sources. The group also felt that the respect towards elders project was quite a broad topic which could be interpreted in many different ways which may have been challenging to convey on a poster. The group preferred a poster over a leaflet as they felt it could reach a wider audience when placed anywhere rather than someone having to physically collect a leaflet. The group also thought a poster would be more eye catching, easier to read and concise for stressed busy carers who wouldn’t want to read large volumes of text. 152 words Initially the group did not assign specific roles to individual members as the group was only in the Forming stage (Tuckman1965), therefore, each member carried out their own individual research, gaining more knowledge on carers and the impact of stress. The team thought that different research approaches would cover all areas and allow equal input and workload from all members. The Storming stage (Tuckman1965) became evident as the resources individuals had gathered were discussed and the most relevant information was chosen. From this discussion the set decided upon the information, design and direction. This then lead into the Norming stage (Tuckman1965) where strengths and weaknesses became apparent which enabled task allocation to be easier. For example, one member having had experience in mental health initiated an idea taken from Bramham’s vulnerability bucket (date) and another member having good IT skills worked on putting the poster together based on other members inputs. These positive roles along with plant, shaper and other pos roles (138 words) Development of the group was very positive, the team progressed through Tuckman’s (1965) Stages without any conflict or problems which the learning set believed was an achievement as without this the poster would not have been produced as quickly and successfully. The main basis of the poster was decided early, giving the group plenty of time to improve and refine it with each meeting. Each member demonstrated an adult to adult relationship (Thompson 2006) with excellent communication skills throughout. As everyone became closer and felt more comfortable, it was easier to express views, portray opinions and be able to negotiate, ultimately meaning better ideas were created. Also the group was extremely open to various individual ideas which, as a result, allowed the discussions of advantages and disadvantages to reach an agreement. 131 words) The most challenging aspect of the project was that the initial idea didn’t work well on paper as it was too crowded so, it had to be adapted, without losing the concept. This took considerable time and effort however, spending this time meant that the final poster was of a higher quality. (52 words) Within the learning set respect was demonstrated throughout. This was initiated by a list of rules that were formulated at the original meeting that set the basis of how each member should behave towards one another. These were adhered to during the entire project. (Appendix 1) Acknowledgment of each members strengths and weaknesses was demonstrated the ensure that others thoughts, ideas and actions were encouraged and not dismissed. Every individuals perspectives were considered when making a group decision for example, information was shared within the file exchange on the virtual leaning environment enabled the opportunity for viewpoints to be shared. 100 words) Upon reflection on Action (Schon 1983, 1987), the group would try assigning roles to each member to see whether it was more effective. The roles could be rotated around so that each member had a go at each role. Another idea upon reflection was to formulate an Action Plan with deadlines so each person could have a step by step approach to formulate. The learning set believe these ideas wouldn’t alter the final product but could possibly improve the working style. (81 words). TOTAL WORD COUNT: 802 How to cite Team Work, Essay examples

Critical Analysis of the Fiscal Responsibility Act free essay sample

This paper critically analyses the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the Act; the machinery for implementation; the powers and tenor of the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Board; the appointment of members of the Board; Fiscal policy/activity uniformity in/among the various tiers of government; the fiscal control on borrowing; the key features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the consequences of the Fiscal Responsibility Act; the protection of officeholders, among others. The paper hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. The paper then concluded that the FRA provided the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till and then made some recommendations for improvement. Page 2 of 19 Introduction Following the incessant misappropriation, mismanagement, and lack of stewardship and accountability in the nation’s public sector, the Fiscal Responsibility Bill was proposed for consideration by the President Obasanjo administration through the then Minister of Finance – Prof. Okonjo-Iwuala N. The Bill was passed into law in 2007 as the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2007. The Fiscal Responsibility Act provides for a body known as the Fiscal Management Council that comprises the Fiscal Responsibility Council and the Governing Board. The Council is charged with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Act to ensure accountability, transparency and prudence in the management of the nation’s resources by all tiers of government, government corporations or companies and agencies. Therefore, the Fiscal Responsibility Council is the regulatory and supervisory body in the public sector. By this Act, it is expected that the Public Sector would have a definite regulatory structure to act as watch dog on the activities of the public office holders and as checks on financial encroachment between/among tiers of government. This is expected to bring sanity and responsiveness into the public sector and among the various tiers of government in Nigeria. The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) is a law to â€Å"redirect government at all levels to imbibe a fiscal behaviour that will promote prudence and sound financial management in the system† (http://www. udgetmonitoring. org/ Page 3 of 19 Spotlights/2007/02/26/News11618/). The Fiscal Responsibility Act seeks to ensure that the Federal Government will never commit itself to spending money without ensuring that it has the necessary funds in place to begin with (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). Afemikhe, (2005:6), fingered the poor performance of the public sector despite abundance of mineral resources in the country and blamed al l on corruption and mismanagement. Posited thus: â€Å"how is it that a country with abundant human and natural resources, that held so much promise at independence and was trumpeted with significant economic achievements in the decade following the oil boom has so rapidly fallen from grace to grass and indeed appears to have completely lost its way and its focus? The answer lies in the twin evils of corruption and poor public expenditure management†. Afemikhe was not alone in accusing Nigeria of poor management, Africafront. om/news also decried our polity thus: â€Å"our fiscal policies have been largely characterised by poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. We have rarely failed to match our fiscal responsibility acts with the right policies thereby making effective and efficient service delivery impossible†. The site maintained that the FRA is a fundamental action to attack fiscal inconsistency and indiscipline from the head to the root. It is noted that the Fiscal Responsibility Act (20 07) â€Å" aims to ensure fiscal accountability, check corruption, monitor the budget processes and call Page 4 of 19 ublic officials to order ; it does not appear that there is one final act that should hopefully put the final nail on financial rascality in government (http://www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights/2007/02/26/ News11618/). Nwanma, Vincent, (2007) was of similar view when he asserted that â€Å"no-one expects that it (FRA) will end high-level corruption at a stroke†. According to then Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (2007), Eze Echesie, â€Å"I don’t think any single law can stem or stop fiscal rascality but we have tried to ensure the elements of consensus building in this bill†. Nath Nwabueze, a lecturer in finance at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri warned that the Fiscal Responsibility Act would not cure Nigeria’s problems of high-level corruption and poor budget planning unless it was properly enforced (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). At worst, the Act will â€Å"commit chief executives at all tiers of government to a set of efficient rules for economic management by providing set standards for the planning and control of public expenditure instead of leaving it to the whim of either the president or state governors. The Act will also facilitate parliamentary and public scrutiny of economic and monetary information and plans; bring a long-term focus to budgeting and thereby minimise risk and fluctuations in government monetary operations and policy (www. africafront. com/news). Page 5 of 19 Statements of the Problem Nigerian fiscal policies have been largely characterised by poor planning, massive waste and wrong priorities. This they claim spring from corruption and poor financial management. The Fiscal Responsibility Act was enacted with the aim of checking these anomalies in the system. The extent to which the law can do this is not known, therefore, it becomes imperative to analyse the content of the law to ascertain its workability within the Nigerian context. Objectives of the Study The paper aimed critically analyse the contents of the Act in order the pinpoints its possible strongpoint and defects. It will also identify and appraise the basic features of the Act to ascertain its workability in the country. Machinery for Implementation The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) has its focal point as the prudent management of the nations resources anchored in accountability and transparency with the establishment of a Fiscal Responsibility Commission to ensure the promotion, implementation and enforcement of the Act. One good feature of the Act is that it â€Å" also have a mechanism through which it can be adequately enforced because our greatest problem in this country is not making laws but enforcing them† (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights). Page 6 of 19 The Fiscal Responsibility Act (2007) they said is â€Å"the first time in the history of Nigeria where an enactment is accompanied with a body to enforce/implement such policy † (www. africafront. com/news). Therefore, the problem of constitutional battle as to who is responsible for enforcement as may be witnessed in some aspects of financial corruption cases where the EFCC and ICPC may have to be involved in one and/or similar cases. This clash may mar efficiency and at worst, the purpose of such law. This problem was avoided in the Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007. Powers and Tenor of the Members of the Fiscal Responsibility Commission A body corporate with perpetual succession was established and known as the Fiscal Responsibility Council. This body can sue and be sued in its name and is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act as well as promote the economic objectives contained in S. 16 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; see S. 1(1-3). The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council independence and immunity in the performance of its functions; see S. (2 3). The immunity might cause the members to indulge in ultravires acts and make them â€Å"untouchable† and â€Å"small gods† during their stay in office. Some officeholders may use them to witchhunt their enemies. Therefore, they will be more effective and fair in their judgements if they are answerable to their actions during their stay in office. Page 7 of 19 The Fiscal Responsibility Act gives the Council powers to establish and maintain a fund for the purpose of defraying its expenditures including amount payable to the members of the Board of the Council. The major sources of fund for the council include budgetary allocation from the Federal Government, grants from others sources. The funding of the council is a mandatory obligation of the Federal Government; see S. 4(2) . Being that the Commission gets its funds from mandatory Federation Account Allocation; the presidency will have minimal influence on their actions; though the presidency appoints the Chairman (see S. 5) The Act states that the Chairman and members of the Board shall hold office for a single term of four (4) years; see S. 5(5). This may mar continuity since all the board members have to vacate office at the same time. S. 10 of the Act mandate the Board to prepare and submit an annual report containing its activities including all cases of contravention investigated during the preceding financial year, and shall include in the report a copy of its audited report and account for the preceding financial year. This section of the Act makes the body to be â€Å"forcefully† accountable and transparent to the public. This implies that any corrupt fiscal activity not uncovered before the end of a certain financial year under which such ncidence occur might make the public to view the body as corrupt in themselves and be probed. Therefore, for the sake Page 8 of 19 of personal reputation, the members of the board might want to be transparent in their dealings. Also, the Act requires the Board to submit an audited annual financial report to the National Assembly. This checks the Board’s financial excesses and may put them on track of financial transparency. This Act builds up a regulatory framework for the fiscal affairs of public office holder with the Fiscal Responsibility Council (FRC) as the regulator; see S. 7(5). But the Act did not give express powers the FRC to demand financial returns and to do onsite financial supervision on the financial affairs of the Federal, State and Local Governments and their agencies and corporations. The body will be more effective and efficient if they could check financial affairs of public office holders in the manner the CBN, the NDIC and the SEC do to banks and other financial institutions and firms whose securities are traded on the floor of the . Stock Exchange Market. Appointment of Members of the Council The Act states the each zone of the federation shall produce one representative for the Board of the Commission. It gives the State Governors of each zone the prerogative of nominating the representative; see S. 5(2e). This Act did not state the quantification and social standing of this member. This may cause the nomination to be based on political rather than academic and Page 9 of 19 social factors. This is capable bringing in politicking into the nomination as some political office holders may want to use the position as a spy and protection against his/her anomalies in office during his/her tenor. Fiscal Uniformity The Act states that the States and Local Governments shall plan the management of their fiscal affairs within the medium-term framework as prepare by the Commission for the Federal Government; see S. 17 (1). They may modify the provisions of sections 11,12,13, 14, 15 and 16 as appropriate for them. Virginia Major in www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights posited that it is important that the Act apply to all levels of government equitably. The Act sets out a general framework for budgetary planning, execution and reporting that is applicable to all levels of government. It was expected that through consultation with states and councils, the Act will set general targets and limits for selected fiscal indicators for the country with specific sanctions for non-compliance . Also it aims at high transparency and reporting standards for all the levels of government (www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights). In view of that the President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua immediate after singing the bill into law commented thus: Page 10 of 19 â€Å"I have assented to the Fiscal Responsibility Bill after due consultation with the State Governments whose support and concurrence is critical to the successful nationwide implementation of the provisions of the law (Nwanma, Vincent, 2007). The President – Umaru Musa Yar Adua further said that if the states governments in the federation pass equivalent laws it will tighten up their budgeting procedures at the state level. Therefore, for the Fiscal Responsibility Act to be effective, the reforms it introduces must also be adopted at state level. The Act religiously set out rules with the core objective of committing all tiers of government to a well-defined and structured economic regime which would ensure economic growth and maintain economic stability. Daily Independent (Lagos), (2009) reported that the apathy being displayed by many state government with respect to passing the Fiscal Responsibility and Public Procurement (FRPP) laws in their domains is both inexplicable and disgraceful. It said that for more than two years later – and despite the repeated urging of the Federal Government, civil society groups and well-meaning Nigerians – response by many states remains tepid and perfunctory. A report recently released by the Secretariat of the Governors’ Forum in Abuja indicates that only 11 states have so far passed the Fiscal Responsibility Page 11 of 19 Bill into law, while 12 have enacted the Public Procurement Law (Daily Independent, 2009). Both laws are designed to ensure prudent management of public resources and enthrone accountability and transparency in the conduct of government business by curbing corrupt behaviour. The states reported to have passed and signed both bills into law are Abia, Bauchi, Cross Rivers, Delta, Ebonyi, Gombe, Kaduna, Kogi, Ondo and Osun. Three states governors have not forwarded any of both bills to their houses of assembly for legislative work to commence on them. They are Akwa Ibom, Edo and Enugu states (Daily Independent, 2009). It may be noteworthy to state here that the Act will be more effective and efficient if all the tiers of governments could adopt and practice the contents of this Act. Fiscal Control on Borrowing S. 49 (1) states that any government in the Federation or its agencies and corporations desirous of borrowing shall, specify the purpose for which the borrowing is intended and present a cost-benefit analysis, detailing the economic and social benefits of the purpose to which the intended borrowing is to be applied. Nwanma, Vincent (2007) described this as â€Å"strict controls on government borrowing†. He said that this will make it more difficult for the Federal Government and the state government to borrow money at random in Page 12 of 19 order to plug unexpected gaps in funding. And it specifically bars government from borrowing money to fund routine items of recurrent expenditure such as staff salaries. Henceforth, the federal and state governments will only be allowed to borrow money to fund new capital expenditure projects such as power stations and oil refineries and new human development projects. Furthermore, they will only be allowed to borrow on approved terms, laid down by the Fiscal Responsibility Act. These are designed to guarantee that all new government loans are contracted on competitive terms – at reasonable rates of interest and with excessive fees and commissions. The new law imposes conditions on new borrowing which are designed to ensure that any government agency contracting a loan will have the means to repay it. If all borrowings are tied to cost-benefit analysis, government projects will tend to be selected based on their contribution to economic development. This will aid the achievement of the (Vision 2020) of the President Yar Adua administration. Protection of Office Holders According to one time Anambra State Commissioner for Finance (in 2007), Eze Echesie, the Anambra state government opposes the bill (when it was proposed) on the grounds that it is against the principle of fiscal federalism Page 13 of 19 practiced in Nigeria. According to him, â€Å"the bill should be restricted to the national level, which is, planning and budgeting as they relate to the Federal Government. It should not cover the state†. He further added that the Association of Commissioners of Finance in Nigeria are opposed to the bill saying that: â€Å"We will end up sending commissioners of finance to jail – and we have said that we do not want to go to jail. He pointed out that a state governor makes all the financial decisions but while the governors enjoy immunity, the commissioners – who are the accounting officers and execute government policies – do not. † www. budgetmonitoring. org/Spotlights The Act gives the President, State Governors, Local Government Council Chairman and the Members of the Board immunity during their stay in office. But, the Minister of Finance and Commissioners of Finance at the state level are (and the treasurer at the Council level) not given immunity during their tenor. This they see as a flaw since the Minister, Commissioners of Finance and treasurer of the Local Government are responsibility and accountable for public revenues and spending. The Nigerian fiscal policy allows the presidency and state Governors to most times, spend monies without the approval of the Minister or Commissioner of Finance. Www. budgetmonitoring. rg/Spotlights noted that correcting the fiscal responsibility of the commissioners of finance will affect the efficacy of the laws at the state level. Page 14 of 19 Consequences of the FRA 1. Firstly, it should avoid a fresh build up of external and internal debt to the point where the Nigeria government can no longer meet its repayment obligations. The president (or through the Minister of Finance) on the advice of the Debt Management Office is expected by the Act to set limits on borrowings for Federal, State and Local Governments with three months to the commencement of this Act; see S. 7 (1). This set limit forms the basis for external and/or internal borrowing by all tiers of government. Any government that does not meet this requirement cannot borrow more fund internally or externally; see S. 47 (7). 2. Secondly, it should improve the chances of government projects being funded and completed on schedule. The Act makes case for planned projects. It requires that projects be properly planned and budgeted for. This includes the cost-benefit analysis and time frame for completion of the project, which have to incorporate due process. This means that the office holder who initiates a project must state in objective term its success before ever embarking in it. (All men are answerable to projects they started whether still in the office or not). Key Features of the Fiscal Responsibility Act The Act provides for a comprehensive budgetary planning process derived from Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). This is a tool for Page 15 of 19 linking policy, planning and budgeting over the medium-term – usually three years – at a government wide level. An MTEF takes account of government’s long and medium term strategies and the resources available to meet objectives over a three year time span. It also allocates resources to strategic priorities among and within sectors and it commences with the preparation of a macroeconomic framework and guidelines. It equally ensures that annual revenues and expenditures estimates are consistent with its provisions, which requires that rules on cost, cost control and evaluation of results of programmes financed are observed. The MTEF will be updated annually to reflect policy and macroeconomic changes. The principal components of the MTEF are as follows: medium-term revenue framework; medium-term expenditure framework; fiscal strategy paper spelling out the fiscal strategy for the planning term; medium term sector strategies with projects and programmes linked to long and medium term plans, which will, in turn, feed into the annual budget ad submission of a comprehensive Appropriation Bill ensuring all parameters are abided by. Already the MTEF is being implemented at the federal level. The Act seeks to codify this comprehensive planning framework (Minister of Finance – Nenadi Usman). Page 16 of 19 Conclusion The Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 has provided a yardstick for financial prudence, accountability and transparency that might engender continued economic growth and development. It is the first law in the country to be backed up with a body for implementation. It is also designed to harmonise and encouraged economic planning and control mechanism. Planning we know is sine qua non to success, therefore, we may say that the beginning of constitutional, conscious, objective and harmonised economic planning through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework is a step toward sustainable economic development for the nation. The Act has put a strategized stop to excessive, unarticulated and uneconomical borrowing that most times ends in accumulated debts that drag the nation backward. The Act touches crucial areas in our political and economic life that incite and nurture corrupt practices. We can say that the Act is capable of abating corruption in the country. All in all, it is hoped that Nigeria’s Fiscal Responsibility Act will strengthen the nation’s financial reporting and ensue better management of its resources. As such, it will provide the much needed deterrent to stop public officers dipping their hands in the states till. Page 17 of 19 Recommendations 1. The immunity given to the members of the Fiscal Responsibility Council should be removed. As a regulatory and supervisory body to the fiscal activities of public officeholders, they should operate as the CBN, NDIC and SEC who monitors the activities of banks and security markets respectively with office immunity.